The Human Health Care System Essay - 941 Words

In today’s health care system, addiction is prevalent and increasing involvement in the view of western medicine. National Council of State Board of Nursing (NCBSN) (2011) defines addiction as a physical or psychological component that leads to an uncontrollable use of drugs or alcohol and unable to control such behavior (p. 1). It is unfortunate that nurses fall in the trap of addiction for various reasons such as job stress and accessibility to medication. It is estimated that ten to fifteen percent of nurses are addicted to some sort of illegitimate or controlled substances in the United States (NCBSN, 2011, p.2). Registered nurses appear to be exposed to addiction at higher rate than the general population (Bowen, Marcus-Aiyeku Krause-Parello, 2012, p. 289) and the outcomes are much more devastating. Nurses with addiction can lead to not only legal consequences but also imperil patient safety. In this context, this paper explores the human health experience of a wonderful nurse who shared her hardship with all her heart. For confidentiality purposes, the individual will be referred to as Mrs. Jen. This paper scrutinizes what factors shaped Mrs. Jen’s overall health experience. Further, this paper focuses on abstract concepts that have stood out for the writer in relation to Mrs. Jen’s narrative such as addiction, coping, and hope. This paper also includes the writer’s reflection and interpretation of the meaning of Mrs. Jen’s experience at personal andShow MoreRelatedThe Human Health Care System994 Words   |  4 Pagesall members of the family, the two-legged and the four-legged kind. How does it look when we do a side-by-side comparison of the human health care system and the animal health care system? Take a look at the difference between wait times when scheduling an appointment and actually seeing a health care provider, the amount of time spent in the exam room with a health care provider, and then finally the cost associated with each visit. After not feeling well for a few days an individual may scheduleRead MoreHuman Health Care System Is On The Brink Of Collapse1275 Words   |  6 Pageswith skilled medical professionals for decades. But as more and more workers abandon the Philippines for higher salaries abroad, public health experts say the country s health care system is on the brink of collapse.† - Dr. Jaime Galvez Tan This above quote is from a former Philippine health secretary commented about the brain drain crisis regarding the health professionals, occurring right now in the Philippines. The phenomenon known as the ‘brain drain’ is the emigration of skilled, intelligentRead MoreHealth Care At The Healthcare Industry1684 Words   |  7 PagesHealth care informatics delivers a promising future for the health care industry. Big data analytics, computer aided decision support, and systems integration will provide health care organizations with new tactics to treat patients while controlling cost. â€Å"Widespread use of health IT within the health care industry will improve the quality of health care, prevent medical errors, reduce health care costs, increase administrative efficiencies, decrease paperwork, and expand access to affordable healthRead MoreHRMs Role in the Healthcare Industry762 Words   |  3 PagesHRMs Role in the Health Care Industry: Organizations, businesses, and companies across the globe use human resource management including those in the health care industry since the human resource department is considered as the spine of the organization by the workers. The seeming importance of human resource management originates from the fact the human resource department is responsible for various tasks in the organization that are directly linked to the organizations employees. In mostRead MoreHenry Ford Health Systems: Human Resources Models Essay1338 Words   |  6 PagesDuring my senior year of undergraduate studies at Wayne State University, I shadowed a pediatrics physician at a Henry Ford Medical Group center in Dearborn, MI. The HFMG is part of Henry Ford Health Systems. The Henry Ford Health Systems employs over 23,000 employees while the HFMG employs over 1,300 senior staff physicians and researchers along with 3,100 non-physician providers and support staff. â€Å"The HFMG generates $750M in net revenue, which represents about 33% of total HFHS provider revenues†Read MoreUnited States Government Should Implement A Single Payer Universal Health Care System1635 Words   |  7 Pagesthe flourishing of health among its citizens, is inherently flawed. A country like the U.S is no exception to this assertion. The United States government should implement a single payer universal health care system. The Modern U.S health care is allowing its citizens to rack up vast amounts of medical debt, in addition, large amounts of its population to remain uninsured. The U.S lags behind an idea, which, many other countries have accepted and that is health care is a human right. A plethora ofRead MoreOrganization Planning, Project Management, and Information Technology1319 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation technology solutions within a health care organization is a challenging and iterative process. The organization must engage in careful and ongoing strategic and tactical planning to ensure tha t the implemented technology will ultimately be effective and beneficial for its practitioners, staff, and patients. To prepare for this Application Assignment, review the information presented in this week’s Learning Resources on strategic and tactical planning for health information technology and the applicationRead MoreThe United States Health Care912 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States health care system has attempted to bring its health care structure into a position fitting of the richest nation in the world. Yet, evidence suggests that socioeconomic disparities still exist, and access to care is still an issue even for citizens who have enrolled in health care plans (Delgado, 2015). Access to health care should be considered a basic right, a natural right for everyone. In 2008 T.R. Reid traveled to 5 countries that were among the richest in the world and providedRead MoreCan Quality Of Life Be Quantified Into Dollars And Cents?1231 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The human body is a complex machine, made up of various parts from organs, to bones, to ligaments, joints, nerves, and most importantly: the brain. These various systems work together to provide a person with their quality of life. However, as time goes on these systems can break down and will need to be fixed. Once this occurs, a person sees a doctor, a person with many years of education and experience to help them. A person has no choice but to see various doctors throughout theirRead MoreThe Health Of Human Health1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe health Health of human is the involvements of those conditions, which is regarded as functional, wellbeing and the absence of illness, in which illness sometimes resulted to be chronic or leading cause death. Much of this health had a position outcome if an individual illness is severe it led to its prevalence of being cured or uncured of this disease may resulted a permanent of harm in humans. Health status Health status of human does involve those that are genius for an individual wellness

Oliver Twist By Charles Dickens Essay - 1736 Words

Introduction From the end of the eighteenth century to the start of the nineteenth century, London was a city with a high wrongdoing rate. From 1745 to 1820, there were 115,000 individuals who made their living by theft, prostitution, cheat and other criminal acts. It is terrible when we realize that the aggregate populace of London around then was only 960,000. Probably there was no other author in Victoria time that had such an in number worry about wrongdoing, and fused such a great amount of depiction of wrongdoing in his functions as Charles Dickens (1812- 1870) did. Oliver Twist was the second novel of Dickens distributed in a serial structure in a magazine titled BentleyÊ ¼s Miscellany run independent from anyone else from February 1837 to April 1839 when Dickens was still a columnist. In England, from the 1830s to the 1840s, a lot of wrongdoing books were distributed. Oliver Twist was composed simply During that period. Most faultfinders and book commentators of Dickens lifetime based their surveys of Oliver Twist on one standard: how reasonable this novel was. Particularly, depictions of a group of lawbreakers in London in this novel pulled in consideration and were the engaging point for quite a while. Oliver Twist builds associations between the criminal characters themselves and additionally this present reality conditions which motivated their generalizations. The states of destitution and an absence of family being fixed to culpability are establishedShow MoreRelatedOliver Twist By Charles Dickens1535 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens, the author of Oliver Twist. Charles Dickens was born on February 7th, 1812 in Landport, England, and then died on June 9th, 1870 in Kent, England. In his 58 years of life he made a collection of books that are still famous today; although it was not until 1836 that he started to come to fame when he published The Pickwick Papers. One of the many books he published was Oliver Twist and this story was one that he related too, because like this story Dickens had little education asRead MoreOliver Twist By Charles Dickens1644 Words   |  7 PagesIn Dickens’ Oliver Twist, Dickens frequently explains how â€Å"callous and uncaring Victori an society was (Shmoop Editorial Team),† as well as how clothing affects one’s social class. The protagonist of this eventful and heart wrenching story, Oliver Twist, is a naive young man who endures intense abuse and starvation in Victorian England’s workhouses. He keeps his hopes high and has a turn-around from his past life of misery. During this morose experience, Oliver sees the realization of Victorian EnglandRead MoreCharles Dickens Oliver Twist1150 Words   |  5 PagesOliver Twist, one of Charles Dickens greatest novel written in 1838, portrays the despotic social scenario of England at that time. The novel’s substitle is The Parish Boy’s Progress, which is a satirical depiction of an orphan boy, Oliver, who suffers from the miserable behavior of the authorities charged to care for orphan children. Oliver eventually becomes involved with a gang of criminals (Frank 19). It shows how a young mind gets manipulated by evil just because he suff ers from the crueltyRead MoreOliver Twist By Charles Dickens1370 Words   |  6 PagesOliver Twist was written by Charles Dickens, English writer and social critic. He is known as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. It was his second novel and was finished in September 1838. Dickens was writing two novels at the same time, The Pickwick Papers and Oliver Twist. Oliver Twist, tells of the complicated life of an orphan, Oliver, living in the streets of London. The story was inspired by Dickens childhood poverty where he had to get by on his own and earn his own way. DickensRead More Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Dickens Oliver Twist The novel Oliver Twist is a criticism of the cruelty that children and poor people suffered at the hands of 19th century society. It was Dickens first novel written under his own name when he was 24 years old and in it he already reveals his sharp, but comic comments and criticism. From the start Dickens makes it clear to the reader that poor people and the children of poor people; most especially a baby born illegitimately; were of no consequence in theRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Dickens s Oliver Twist 1539 Words   |  7 Pages​Charles Dickens illustrates how people facing poverty are treated as criminals by the Victorian society and may cause them to be forced down the path of crime. He demonstrates this theory throughout his novel Oliver Twist. Oliver Twist is a novel about a ten year old orphan in the nineteenth century who is forced into labour at a workhouse. Dickens highlights the conditions of the workhouse to display the struggle one bares in order to survive. He uses the characters Oliver and Nancy to demonstrateRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Dickens s Oliver Twist 905 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the earliest use of the word realism referred to the faith full representation of the real world in the literature beginning from the 1850 s. Charles dickens is one among the greatest well-known representatives of the 19th century English critical realism. In Victorian England realism is greeted by the work of Dickens. In his work, Oliver Twist (1838), he uses realism to represent the harsh realities of life during his lifetime. It is his first novel in which he reflect on the shortcomingsRead MoreNancy in Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Essay679 Words   |  3 PagesNancy in Charles Dickens Oliver Twist London in the 19th century was a heavily packed city where the rich and poor rubbed shoulders daily. Charles Dickens lived there most of his life, growing from a poor child to a publicly famous, but often privately troubled, writer. The city shaped his life it also patterns his work in complex and fascinating ways. The novels picture this great city vividly. It can also be seen to be used as a symbolic map through which human relationshipsRead MoreThe Inspirational Nature of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens671 Words   |  3 PagesOliver Twist is a popular book written by Charles Dickens among many others such as David Copperfield and A Christmas Carol. Charles Dickens wrote many short stories, plays, novels, fiction, and nonfiction stories during his lifetime. He wrote a lot about the different types of people in the world, especially about the poor. This type of writing showed in the book Oliver Twist. This book is told by a 3rd omniscient narrator. Oliver Twist is the main character in this book asRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations And Oliver Twist1057 Words   |  5 Pagesstrangers as family. Charitable strangers can also teach children to act with benevolence and give them an honorable role model to follow. These acts of kindness can drastically change the character of the poor child. In Charles Dickens’ two novels, Great Expectations and Oliver Twist, Dickens challenges the conventional idea of parentage and suggests that through generosity anyone can become a guardian and have a major impact on the emerging identity of children. Therefore, people should not place as much

Regulating Enterprise Law and Business †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Regulating Enterprise for Law and Business Organisation. Answer: Introduction: Any desired person who wishes to initiate business can do so in the form of a sole trade ship, a partnership or a company. The corporation Act 2001 is the guiding legislation that governs the working of a company. A company is incorporated when the same is registered as per the governing Law of the country. When a company is granted registration, then, as per Salomon vASalomon Co Ltd a company is regarded as an entity which has its own existence in Law. The separate legal existence rule simply qualifies that a company is not to be associated with its officers and is an artificial person and is capable to file suits, acquire properties, etc. The company indulges itself in its own actions and in its own name and will not render the officers accountable of the same. Even if all company officers die, still, the company survives and never dies. In Salomon vASalomon Co Ltd, a company is formed by one single person and it was held by the court that even if the company is incorporated by one single person still it is distinct from him and can take actions in its own name. The concept of separate legal entity was retreated in Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd wherein the director/shareholder was also its employee. He died while serving his employment duties and the court upheld the claim of widow and considered that the director/shareholder should be considered as the employee. A company is capable to enter into a separate contract with the direct/shareholder and the same will be distinct in nature. In Industry v Bottrill, Magnatech UK Ltd in which Mr Botrill was the Managing director. He was also the shareholder and was also entered into an employment contract. It was held by the court that a shareholder can become the employee and both are distinct in its capacity as the company is a separate legal entity in the eyes of law. Thus he was allowed to seek unpaid wages of worth 346.15 a week from the National Insurance Fund. This esteem principle of separate legal entity has its own set of disadvantages. There are times when this veil that makes a distinction amid the company and its officers is to be pierced. This is called piercing the corporate veil of the company. When the veil if pierced, then, the company losses its personality and the officers are held liable directly for the acts of the company. The acts of the officers are the acts of the company and vice versa and the officers and be held directly liable for the same. In one of the principle cases of Gilford Motor Company Ltd v. Horne, the veil is pierced on the ground that fraud is committed by availing the benefit of separate legal principle concept. A company in the name of Gilford motors has employed Mr Homes. It is contractually decided amid the company and Mr Home that he is not permitted to implore the company employees post his job. Mr Home was acquainted with most of the company employees and the restriction is imposed to protect the business and good will of the company. But, Mr Home formulated a company in the name of his wife and has implored most the Gilford motors employees. The main plea of Mr Home was that the company was established by his wife and being the separate legal entity he has no association with his wifes company and thus there is no contractual breach on the part of Mr Homes. But, the court held that the main intention for the establishment of the company by the wife of Mr Home was to deceit Gilford motors and to avoid the contractual breach. But, in such situation, the veil of the company can be lifted and the company established by Mr Homes wife should be considered as the company formed by Mr Home only. Thus, he has violated the term of the contract that was framed with Gilford motors. Thus, the main question that arises is to what extend the restrain clauses are permitted and when they are legal. Restrain clauses are those clauses wherein the employer in order to protect its confidentially, good will, etc imposes restrictions on the employees and does not allow any employee to transfer the information of the company to any other person. The restrain clause is only enforceable when the same is part of the employment contract. The restrain clauses normally incorporate two kinds of restrain, that is, to prohibit an employee to work at some geographical region or to prohibit to carry the trade for some specific time period and is analyzed in Murray v Yorkshire Fund ManagersLtd. Any restrain clause which is availed by the employer is valid provided, firstly, the restrain is obtained by an employer to protect his valid interest in Law; secondly, at times the transportation of information by the employee may hamper the reputation and good will of the company which has been built over the years. So, in order to protect such good will which may get hampered because of the transportations of the information can be secured by relying on the restrain clause; thirdly, the disclosure of information by the employee may also hinder the companys confidentiality and in order to protect the same the employer is allowed to rely on the restrain clauses. But, the clauses that are imposed on the employees must be for a limited period of time. It was found in number of cases that the justified prohibition is from 1 month to 2 years. Any restriction beyond such period is found to be unjustified and such restrain clauses are found to be inoperative in nature[15]. If the employer wants to rely on the restrain clauses which prohibit an employee beyond two years that the employer has to prove that the imposition is justified on the ground of confidentially, legal interest or to protect goodwill. If the employee violates the restrain clause that is imposed upon him then he can be penalized and must face compensation, damages and injunction actions. Application of law Computers Pty Ltd is the company which was established in New South Wales. Chu was the operations manager and is acquainted with most of the company secretive and important information. He was working with Computers Pty Ltd from last five years but on attaining the age of 50, he was retired from Computers Pty Ltd. The Computers Pty Ltd was dealing in hardware/software business. Since Chu is acquainted with most of the confidential information of the business and is aware of the Computers Pty Ltd working, thus, he was prohibited to deal in the similar business in New South Wales for a period of two years. Thus, a restrain is imposed on Chu for two years. The clause that is imposed by Computers Pty Ltd on Chu is legal and valid because Chu was the operational manager and is aware of all the clients of Computers Pty Ltd. there are chances that he might solicit the employees of Computers Pty Ltd and then may compete with Computers Pty Ltd thereby hampering the goodwill of the company, so, as per Seven Network (Operations) Limited the restrain clause is valid. Also, as per Pearson, a two year restrain clause is found to be valid and legal. However, Chu has violated the clause by taking the shelf of separate legal entity principle. He incorporated a company in his wifes name wherein his wife was the sole shareholder. He established that the company is in the name of the company and is a separate legal entity thus he is not associated with the company in any manner. But by applying the principal in Gilford Motor, Chu was not considered as distinct from the company. The veil of the company was pierced and it is found that fraud is incurred by Chu with the help of his wife in order to mitigate the effect of the restrain clause. The company was dealing in the same trade in which Computers Pty Ltd was dealing in New South Wales. The company was incorporated with two years of the retirement of Chu. Thus, the clause was totally violated. Conclusion So, the action of Chu to establish a company in his wife name is a clear violation of the restrain clause. The piercing of veil principal is applied and the company established by Chu wife is hold to be formed by Chu himself thereby breaching the terms of the restrain clause. Bibliography Cassidy, Julie, Concise Corporations Law (Federation Press, 2006). Christensen, S. and Duncan, W, Sale of Businesses in Australia (Federation Press, 2009). Gibson, A and Fraser, D, Business Law 2014 (Pearson Education Australia, 2013). Malbon, J and Bishop, B, Australian Export: A Guide to Law and Practice (Cambridge University Press, 2006). Milman, David, Regulating Enterprise: Law and Business Organisation in the UK (Bloomsbury Publishing, 1999). Ramsay, I and Noakes, D, Piercing the Corporate Veil in Australia (2001) 19 Company and Securities Law Journal 250. Tomasic, Roman, Stephen Bottomley, Rob McQueen, Corporations Law in Australia (Federation Press, 2002) Gilford Motor Co Ltd v Horne[1933] Ch 935 Industry v Bottrill[1999] EWCA Civ 781. Lee v.Lees Air Farming Ltd[1961] AC 12. Murray v Yorkshire Fund ManagersLtd and another [1997]. Pearson v HRX Holdings Pty Ltd (2012). Salomon v A Salomon Co Ltd[1896] UKHL 1. Seven Network (Operations) Limited v Warburton (No 2) (2011). Woolworths Limited V Mark Konrad Olson (2014).

Socialization Is a Lifelong Process of Change free essay sample

In its most common and general usage, the term ‘‘socialization’’ refers to the process of interaction through which an individual (a novice) acquires the norms, values, beliefs, attitudes, and language characteristic of his or her group. In the course of acquiring these cultural elements, the individual self and personality are created and shaped. For much of its history, the concept of socialization has been heavily imbued with the notion of adaptation and conformity of the individual to societal expectations. The past few decades, however, have seen a marked shift to a more active view of the self, with an emphasis on self-socialization. Renewed interest in the self-concept as a source of motivation (Gecas 1986) and an agent in its environment has contributed to this shift, as has the increased interest in adult socialization (Levenson amp; Crumpler 1996). Even in studies of parent-child interaction, the child (even the infant) is increasingly viewed as an active partner in his or her socialization (Rheingold 1969). We will write a custom essay sample on Socialization Is a Lifelong Process of Change or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In short, the outcomes of socialization (whether conceptualized as values, self-conceptions, behavior patterns, or beliefs) are increasingly viewed as the products of reciprocal and negotiated interactions between agent and socializee. Within sociology, there have been two main orientations toward socialization. One views socialization primarily as the learning of social roles. From this perspective, individuals become integrated members of society by learning and internalizing the relevant roles and statuses of the groups to which they belong (Brim 1966). This view has been present in some form from the beginnings of sociology as a discipline but has been most closely associated with structural functionalist perspectives. The other, more prevalent sociological orientation views socialization mainly as self-concept formation. The development of self and identity in the context of intimate and reciprocal relations is considered the core of socialization. This view is closely associated with the symbolic interactionist perspective, a synthesis of various strands of pragmatism, behaviorism, and idealism that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s in the writings of a number of scholars at the University of Chicago, especially Mead (1934). In Mead’s writings, the self is a reflexive, thoroughly social phenomenon that develops through language or symbolic interaction. Children’s proper socialization depends on mother contribution. There is none who contributes the same as the mother. It is now very common sight that women are working outside the home. So the children are being socialized by a difficult process. The educated working mother can take extra care as they are more aware than the non educated mother. On the other hand the non educated working mother is not so aware about their child socialization in most of the cases. In the rural areas of Bangladesh the gap of child socialization between educated and non educated working mother is increasing significantly. This study is conducted in rural area base in order to find out the basic difference of child socialization process between educated and non educated working mother and encouraging every mother in proper child socialization process by the study.

Haier Company Essay Example

Haier Company Paper The conflict may occur in teams when JVC tries to integrate the staff from partners. There are many reasons for it. Some of the more important ones relate to limited resources, communication problems, differences in interests and goals, different perceptions and attitudes, and lack of clarity about responsibilities (Sanchez, et al. , 2000). A case about Haier Company will help to illustrate it. Haier, Chinese appliance maker, has the first Chinese major manufacturing plant in the U. S. It is slowly but clearly importing its corporate philosophy and culture to its Camden, South Carolina, plant. The upper management and the technical group is Chinese and the operating employees are American. The American employees at plant are majority at the plant. The Hair Chinese group is using the 6-S concept, which is an adaptation of Japanese quality control concept (Konopaske and Ivancevich, 2004). The U. S. employees prefer to stick photos on the wall. This comes into conflict with one S of the 6-S concept, seisoh (keep the workplace clean). Haier pays more attention to quality, this behaviour is not permit. With communication, they all agree that the photos can be showed out when not at work. Another conflict in the team is about the punishment. The punishment is let the employee with the worst performance stand on the big footprint to criticize himself loudly. In Americans view, it infringes their rights. In this condition, Haier changes the punishment to encouragement. They let the best employee stand on the big footprint and speak out they are the best. The conflicts in the case are caused by different cultural habits, and attitudes. The case presents how Haier solve the conflict and blended its corporate style to one of its oversees plants. We can see from the case, communication is quite important in the team. With communication, we can understand each other better, and find out the reason of conflict. In this way, we can build a better inter-personal relationship, and enhance trust, too. And building trust between the partners through encouraging personal relationships between the staff, who have to work together for the JVC to succeed: senior managers, functional managers, engineers, and technical staff is to establishing the right one (Yoshino and Rangan, 1995), the one coherent team. We will write a custom essay sample on Haier Company specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Haier Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Haier Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although JVC has independent equity, it cant live without the parent company. The intervention of parent company to JVC is the control. Generally, there are two forms of control: direct control and indirect control (Johnson, J. L. , et al 2001). Direct parent control is similar to dominant management. The parents attempt to influence activities or decisions in a way consistent with its own interests and expectations. Indirect control is based on the IJVs need for consultation with the parent firm, similar to shared management (Johnson, J. L. , et al 2001). The control bases on the parents equity position. The fifty-fifty ownership is a common form. These JVCs are usually shared management. When one partner holds a majority shares, the JVC seems to apply dominant management or split management. Bleeke and Ernst (2002) indicate the fifty-fifty equity JVCs are not as successful as the split ownership JVCs in which one partner has majority shares. 50-50 ownership can build trust through the mutual success, but it indeed has many problems. The case about control in the Dowty-Sema JV (Faulkner 1995) shows the problem clearly. Dowty-Sema was a JV set up by the two eponymous companies with 50:50 equity in 1982 to provide command and control systems for the British navy. Dowty provided the hardware and Sema provided the software. The venture company was largely a shop window for tendering, in that the 100-odd staff were all assigned to the payrolls of one parent or the other, dependent on their function. Software engineers were assigned to Sema and hardware engineers to Dowty. Control was exercised in the following way. A project was divided up between the two companies and 90 percent of it was carried out in the parent companies, leaving only 10 percent, principally project management, for the venture company to do. Dowty controlled contract negotiation and administration and Sema controlled finance. Each parent appointed its own project teams, and an element of competition and tension developed between them. The board membership was 50% from each partner. Difficult decisions led to very lengthy meetings by a committee of the board. The venture grew to i 50 million sales but unclear control meant that deadlines were missed and the venture made no profit. From the case, we can see the inefficient management of 50-50 equity JVC. But it doesnt means 50-50 equity JVC always perform worse than other form management. It depends on the relationship with partners and good communication between JVC and parents companies. And no matter what kind of control of parents companies, the constant presence of a parent interferes with the development of organisational cohesiveness within theJVC. The activity of organisational learning is the way for the company to gain knowledge for its partner. These activities affect the prospect of JVC. The communication with parent companies to transfer technology from them to JVC is one of the key success factors. The collaborative attitude allows for JVC learning by both partners and is likely to be more productive over the long run. There are three levels of organisational learning: technical, systemic, and strategic (Child, J. , et al. 2005). Collaboration with partner organisations offers a potential to learn at all three levels. It can provide access to techniques, facilitate the transfer of new systems, and enhance a firms ability to undertake new strategic initiatives (Child, J. , et al. 2005). The case about GM-Suzuki joint venture can be used to explain the learning and skills transfer to JVC. CAMI Automotive, Inc. , was set up to manufacture low-end cars for the U. S. market. The plant, run by Suzuki management, produces the Geo Metro/Suzuki Swift, the smallest, highest gas-mileage GM car sold in North America, as well as the Geo Tracker/Suzuki Sidekick spot utility vehicle. Through CAMI, Suzuki has obtained access to GMs dealer network and an expanded market for parts and components. GM avoided the cost of developing low-end cars and gained models it needed to help revitalize the lower end of the Chevrolet product line and to improve GMs average fuel economy rating. And once the CAMI factory reaches full capacity, GM took it as a test bed for to learn Japanese management of work teams, flexible assembly lines, and quality control (Bleeke and Ernst, 2002). The case indicates if the partners both bring specific strengths, both will benefit. JVC maintain relations with parent company to improve their performance. In the CAMI case, JVC run smoothly and reach the full capacity. From the parent organisations view, JVC is a great place to learn from partners. When we discuss learning and skills transfer, the intellectual property rights (IPR) is an important issue in an ongoing JVC. Legal protections go only so far. In addition to IPR protection of their own, the new technology and intelligence in JVC should be identified the ownership. Three structural tactics can protect IPR successfully (Bleeke and Ernst, 2002). First is to separate sensitive technologies from JVC. For instance, GE modularized the production of high value-added engine-core components to protect its know-how from Snecma. Second, some companies centralise contact points between the JVC and the parents. It is easier in highly centralised companies like Japanese businesses, than in more decentralised firms, like Western ones. Third, they combine complementary strengths and can not succee without the other. Toshiba and Motorola would not keep their strategic position if either terminated the alliance, because the two companies have such a high level of interdependence in the form of shared factories, distribution, and complementary specialised skills (Bleeke and Ernst, 2002). JVC success is often an ambiguous notion (Dussauge and Garrette, 1999): should attention focus on the success of the JVC itself-i. e. , its survival, duration, growth, and profits-or should it focus on the positive or negative consequences of the alliance for each of the parent companies? It is a dilemma, parent-local management conflict. Johnson, J. L. , et al. (2001) indicates there exits the logic that parental control of the IJV keeps IJV management loyal to the parent and focused on the parents needs. In such cases, although partner-partner conflict may result, control should reduce any. On the other hand, the characteristics of JVC can create an independence. JVC is not only separate legal entity, it is also a new established organisation, staffed by entrepreneurial managers, and quickly develops an entrepreneurial culture. In such cases, a prevailing climate of we versus them may lead to increased parent-local management conflict when parents intervene in IJV operations. There is a case about a JVC. The aim of foreign partner is to develop its business in the targeted country and the goal of the local partner is to derive adequate profits from its investment. The profitability of the JVC is strongly affected by decisions made by the parent companies. When the strategic direction of parent companies has changed, it affects the performance of JVC significantly. A typical example of this is when a multinational parent decides to limit the exports of the JVC to a neighboring country because that local market can be more profitably supplied via a wholly owned subsidiary confronted with excess capacity. The consequence of such a decision is decreased sales and profits for the JVC (Dussauge and Garrette, 1999). But in another way, they may offer opportunities for JVC to propose new activities which will contribute to its long-term development. We can see the importance to maintain relations with the parent companies from the case obviously. The performances and strategy direction of parent companies even determine the JVC survive or not.

The eNotes Blog Our Calendar of Literary Facts is NowLive!

Our Calendar of Literary Facts is NowLive! At weve been working on a special addition, not only to our own  website but to thousands of pages across the web. Presenting our Calendar of Literary Facts, now available to be published on your own site or blog with the code that weve created! See how it works on below, then read on to find out how you can bring this engaging calendar to your homepage. Calendar of Literary Facts collates a huge array of important dates in literary history. 365 days of the year, brings you interesting literary events (births, deaths, publications) that took place on that day, right on your dashboard. Alternatively, you can search our calendar  to see what took place on a particular day. Beside these facts, the calendar also directs you to relevant pages to discover more about the people and events mentioned on that day of literary history. This makes it not only fun for those with literary interests, but a great teaching tool as well. Which is precisely why weve created the coding to share this platform with the world. How to add the calendar to your web page: Head to our API page at  www./help/api  to find the code necessary to bring the Calendar of Literary Facts to your site. At weve made our  calendar  available through a public API. This means that schools and other organizations (along with individual developers) can retrieve significant literary events for a particular day and month, along with links to related content for deeper exploration. Literature teachers with their own websites should consider this  addition, as it keeps visiting students engaged while also directing them on to instructive material. To insert the code you will require an API key. For more on information on API keys, what they are and how to use them, you may want to visit stackoverflow.com, a site that has a large database of questions and answers on the topic. Or  feel free to email us at dev@! Wed be happy to help you bring the calendar to your site. We hope you have fun with the new addition! Check it out at  www./lit-fact-calendar.

Human Resource Development-- Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resource Development-- - Assignment Example As Coates (2010) explains, acquiring new knowledge, attitudes and skill sets in one environment and applying them in another may be affected by several factors. Effective and the experience of the trainer is a very essential factor in influencing the training transfer to job places. Any trainer must be a fluent and effective communicator (Coates, 2010). This facilitates the conversations and ensures the learners’ needs are met, a clear and effective presentation of the material that makes the information interesting. Another factor is the in-class and out-class practice. More of this practice ensures the learner gains enough experience of handling cases, and it is easier to transfer the training to workplaces in case a similar case appears as to that tackled during the practices (Coates, 2010). An organization should also mount some quality pressure on the trained employees to work as of their acquired knowledge and towards the set goal of the organization. This will ensure th at the employees apply their learnt skills at their workplaces effectively. Needs assessment are usually conducted so as to facilitate the growth of employees of a company in terms of the knowledge and skills they possess. This helps the organization to know the type of employees in the organization, how to train them and what they need to be motivated. According to Barbazette (2004), a needs assessment is conducted to link a deficiency in performance to a desired result and ensure that appropriate training is formulated and conducted to combat the problems caused by the deficiency. To do this, an organization needs to analyze their needs and wants by conducting a performance analysis to identify which skill shortcomings can be bridged through training. To conduct a training needs assessment, an organization will have to first gather information for aiding in appropriate

An interpretive study of the failure of SMEs in the kingdom of the Essay

An interpretive study of the failure of SMEs in the kingdom of the Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Findings indicate that that main problems impacting growth and success of SMEs in the KSA are regulatory difficulties, credit and funding options, human capital, marketing and operational factors. Human capital (resource management), regulatory constraints and credit/funding options appear to be the main factors impacting SME success and growth in the KSA. Data released by the Riyadh Chamber of Commerce and Industry reveals that approximately 96% of Saudi businesses employ below 100 workers (Hertog, 2010). According to the Jeddah Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 95% of commercially registered businesses in the KSA are owned by SMEs and 71% of industrial businesses are SMEs (Hertog, 2010). Moreover, Hertog (2010) reports that SMEs account for 28% of the KSA’s overall economic activities. 7 The latest figures release demonstrate that as of 2008, there were over 700,000 SMEs actively in business in the SDI primarily owned by a sole proprietor. A further breakdown demonstrated that 47% of the KSA’s SMEs were attached to commercial and hotel industries; 27% were attached to construction; 12% were engaged in social services; and 8% were involved in â€Å"sundry other sectors† (Hertog, 2010, p. 17). Be that as it may, SMEs in the KSA only contribute to about 10% of the employment rate in the KSA and only contribute 14% of the entire production in industries and 8% â€Å"of the value of industrial goods exported† (Hertog, 2010, p.19). 7 Despite the growing interests in SMEs in the KSA, all indications are that SMEs have faced significant challenges in moving forward successfully and economically. SMEs in the KSA are said to have difficulties in terms of funding and credit; the function in a business climat that is decidedly â€Å"unfriendly†; they face regulatory challenges; and they operate â€Å"without the availability of basic statistics and data needed to ensure sound business decisions† (Bundagji, 2005, p. 1). It is

Business Strategy and Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy and Decision Making - Essay Example The practice of an effective strategic management approach helps to conserve continuous refurbishment and expansion of the organisations to proactively deal with a number of potential challenges. Moreover, it also provides adequate support to the leaders to enhance their potentials in decision making process and improve organisations’ credibility within a competitive business market (Hill & Jones, 2011). Emphasising the emerging trend of strategic management processes, the study intends to focus on critically discussing different competitive strategic approaches that enable the organisations to maintain long-term sustainability. In this regard, the discussion of this study represents widely accepted strategic approaches of the modern organisations along with their roles and significance towards helping the leaders to improve their decision making processes. Moreover, the discussion would also incorporate real-world examples of major organisations from different business industry perspectives. In relation to the unconventional trends currently witnessed in the business environment, it has been observed that modern organisations commonly seek to develop advanced strategies and focus on the effective adoption of rational and integrated business steps with the intention to remain sustainable in their respective field of operations for a long-term period. With regard to the changing scenario along with fierce competitive trend currently witnessed in today’s global business environment, the notion of intended and emergent business strategies has evolved as a commonly debated issue (Mintzberg & Waters, 1985). According to the modern phenomenon of the global business environment, there are a number of strategic management approaches that are highly practiced by the organisations to gain competitive advantage over their rivals. In

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite Ferrofluid

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite Ferrofluid Abstract A Fe3O4 water-based ferrofluid was prepared by chemical co-precipitation technique, the magnetic particles were characterized using x-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer)VSM)techniques.the results show that the shape of the nanoparticles is approximately spherical and they are superparamagnetic at room temperature. 1. Introduction Ferrofluids are stable colloidal suspensions that consist of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in base liquid such as water or oil [1]. A ferrofluid is a colloidal dispersion of monodomain magnetic particles (size of about 10 nm) of superparamagnetic nature. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are small synthetic Fe 3 O 4 or ÃŽ ³-Fe 2 O 3 particles with a core size of o10 nm and an organic or inorganic coating. The particles are well dispersed in a liquid, for medical application normally in water. Superparamagnetic magnetization is, compared to normal paramagnetic materials, much higher and can reach nearly the magnetization saturation (M s ) of ferromagnetic iron oxide. This behavior allows the tracking of such particles in a magnetic field gradient without loosing the advantage of a stable colloidal suspension.[S2] Ferrofluids are stable suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles and include Fe 3 O 4 , CoFe 2 O 4 , Mn–Zn , Co–Zn and lithium ferrite in a base liquid. The liquid can be polar or nonpolar . To avoid nanoparticles agglomeration, the magnetic particles have to be coated with an appropriate surfactant .This coating makes the ferrofluid stable even under intense magneticfields . ferrofluids are widely used in industry and clinical applications .[w2] Magnetic fluids (ferrofluids) with a combined fluidic and magnetic properties have wide applications inindustry and biomedicine. Magnetic Nanoparticles ,such as magnetite(Fe 3 O 4 ),iron(Fe),nickel(Ni),andcobalt(Co),can be applied in magnetic fluid preparing.Among these magnetic NPs Fe 3 O 4 has been extensively adopted in magnetic fluids for its tunable magnetic properties.so far many synthetic strategies are proposed to prepare magnetic fluids of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles.Hereinto ,co-precipitation method in oil or water with the presence surfactants is traditional route to prepare magnetic fluids.[A1] Magnetic nanofluids, also called ferrofluids, are stable colloidal solutions consisting of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in a based fluid. The magnetic nanofluid behaves as a smart or functional fluid due to some of its unique features. They have some applications in a variety of fields such as electronic packing, mechanical engineering, aerospace, and bioengineering. [i1] Water-based magnetic nanofluids are a special category of polar magnetic nanofluids with particular features of particle interactions and agglomerate formation processes. The interest in water-based magnetic nanofluids in the selected bioengineering and biomedical systems has been growing exponentially in the last decades .Surface coating of nanoparticles and colloidal stability of biocompatible water-based magnetic nanofluids are particularly important for biomedical applications such as magnetic cell separation, drug delivery, hyperthermia, and contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging. They have been extensively applied to audio voice coil-damping, intertia-damping apparatuses,bearings, stepping motors, and vacuum seals.[i1] Ferrofluids, which are magnetic colloids, can be synthesized by dispersing nanosized subdomain magnetic particles of ∠¼10 nm in diameter in a carrier liquid. Such fluids have physical properties that can be modified by an external magnetic field and are widely used as functional materials in engineering and technology applications.[j1] In general, magnetic nanoparticles in ferrofluids are coated with a surfactant to prevent aggregation.In the 1980s, Massart proposed a method for chemical synthesis of aqueous ferrofluids with no surfactant .In this method, an appropriate surface treatment leads to adsorption of H+ or OH−ions on the surface of the particles, so stable aqueous ferrofluids can be obtained. These ferrofluids are known as ionic ferrofluids or electrical double-layered magnetic fluids .Ionic ferrofluids have attracted considerable attention because of their special behavior and this has led to new cross-disciplinary activities inchemistry, biomedicine and physics.[j1] Ferrofluids of Fe3 O4 and ÃŽ ³-Fe2 O3 have attracted considerable attention for various biomedical applications including therapeutic magnetic hyperthermia,targeted drug delivery,and magnetic resonance imaging due to their bio-compatibility and desirable superparamagnetic properties with high saturation magnetization.[M1] Transition metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) and maghemite (ÃŽ ³ -Fe 2 O 3 ) are of general interest, due to their interesting magnetic, electrical, mechanical, catalytical and optical properties.[Q1] Iron oxide nanoparticles can also be dispersed in specific carrier liquids, giving rise to the so called ferrofluids (FFs0. In particular, FFs are colloidal suspensions of magnetic NPs (usually magnetite or maghemite) with average size in the range from 8 to 20 nm and dispersed in organic/inorganic solvents or different oils(hydrocarbons, syntetics esters, etc). They combine the fluid related properties of the dispersing liquid with the magnetic properties of the solid NPs.[Q1] FFs have proved to be useful for a wide variety of engineering applications such as: (i) ironless loudspeakers (ii) specific components for magnetic recording ,(iii) biomagnetics (e.g. hyperthermia ,tissue repairing ,target drug delivery ,cell separation ,magnetic resonance imaging, sensing )(iv) rotating seals and so on. Most of the applications of FFs are related to both their overall thermo/hydrodynamic properties and the magnetic properties of the constituent NPs.[Q1] Fe3O4 nanoparticles are most frequently chosen because of following reasons:(i) Fe3O4 is biocompatible,(ii) Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be synthesized at large scale,(iii)the magnetization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles is significantly high,thus allowing these particles to be easily controlled by an external magnetic field.[R1] Colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in an organic or inorganic carrier liquid,so-called ferrofluids ,are being increasingly studied because of their peculiar physical properties and applications .Because of their small size (5–20 nm) the particles exhibit single magnetic domains and the magnetic fluid displays superparamagnetic behavior .Without external magnetic field the orientation of the magnetic moments of the particles is at random resulting in a vanishing macroscopic magnetization. An external field, however, easily orients the particle magnetic moment leading to large saturation values of the magnetization. Ferrofluids are classified into two groups ,ionic (IFF) and surfacted (SFF) ferrofluids, depending on the method used to avoid the aggregation of magnetic particles.[T1] Ferrofluids are actually superparamagnetic, meaning that a ferrofluid reacts to a magnetic field in the same way as a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic solid, but magnetizes and demagnetizes more rapidly because in a ferrofluid the magnetic domains are the same size as the actual particles.[v1] Ferrofluids are colloidal dispersions of small single domain magnetic particles suspended in a carrier fluid.Ferrofluids characteristically have both magnetic and fluid properties and have found a diverse range of applications,such as in audio devices, inertia dampers, stepper motors,sensors, vacuum seals, electromagnetic shielding, and high density digital storage.[W1] Namely, besides the customary superparamagnetism a strong reduction of the magnetization of nanoparticles with respect to bulk value is observed. By both implicit and explicit tests, this reduction was proven to be due to a noncollinear spin structure.[s1] Ferrofluids containing magnetic nanoparticles with single domains and superparamagnetic at room Temperature and well-dispersed in a carrier fluid are both of fundamental and applied interest in biomedicine,mechanical and sensor technologies,and room temperature magnetic refrigerators.[y1] (In this research),(in the present work),(in this study) the magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipation method.the XRD,TEM and TEM techniques were used to characterize the structure and the size of the nanoparticles.the magnetic properties were evaluated by vibrating sample magnetometer.the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were dispersed into water to obtain the desired nanofluids.tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide was used as dispersant. 2. Experimental Details: or 2. Synthesis and characterization 2.1 Materials The starting materials used in this work were ferric chloride hexahydrate(Fe Cl3.6 H2O),ferrous chloride tetrahydrate(Fe Cl2.4H2O) aqueous ammonia and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide(N(CH3)4OH). 2.2 Synthesis procedure An acqeous ferrofluid material was prepared by a co-precipitation method . The synthesis is based on the reaction of iron ions in an aqueous ammonia solution to form magnetite Fe3O4 in the following form: 2Fe3++Fe2++8NH3.H2O=Fe3O4+8NH4+ +4H2O To synthesis Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Fe Cl3.6 H2O (1M) and Fe Cl2.4H2O (2M) were prepared by dissolving iron salts in HCl (2M) solution.typically , 4ml of Fe Cl3 and 1ml of Fe Cl2 were mixed in a molar ratio of 2:1.then 50ml of ammonia aqueous solution was added into the solution with vigorous stirring at room temperature.a black precipitate was obtained.the precipitate was separated by applying a magnet and washing with distilled water several times until the PH decrease to7. tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide was used as dispersant.the nanoparticles are coated with hydroxyl ions of the tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide ,which themselves attract a sheath of strong positive ions.this surface structure creates electrostatic interparticle repulsion that can overcome coagulation forces of magnetic and van der waals attractions. 2.3 Characterization X-ray powder diffraction(XRD)patterns were obtained by an X-ray diffractometer using KÃŽ ± radiation(ÃŽ »=1.54060Ã…) (  ´Ã‚ ®Ã‚ µÃ‚ ª  ´Ã‚ ªÃ‚ ± „ ²  ³Ã‚ ªÃ… ¸) The shape,size distribution and morphology of the particles were examined by using transmission electron microscope(TEM).( )(The nanoparticles are characterized in detail by TEM). TEM experiment was performed on a Philips CM30 electron microscope with an acceleration voltage of 150 kV. Magnetization versus applied field were carried out withVSM (Lake shore 7404). 3. Result and Discussion Fig. 1 shows the X-rays powder diffraction pattern of iron oxide nanoparicles in the ferrofluid sample.the spectral lines are broad because the grain are small.()relatively wide peaks are related to small size of nanoparticles. all the observed peaks can be indexed to the Fe3O4 crystal structure .the peaks are characteristic of cubic system with Fd-3m space group.()the considered profile can be suitably fitted by considering the crystalline structure of either magnetite(cubic structure,Fd-3m group,ICSD reference code 98-011-1284)or maghemite(cubic structure P4132 group,ICSD reference code 00-39-1346).beacuse of overlapping reflections in the XRD pattern,it was not possible to obtain a good fit by taking simultaneously into account both phases. using the Debye-scherer equation,the crystallite size was determined to be around 10 nm. Fig .1. XRD spectra of the particle Fig .2. TEM image of Fe3O4 nanoparticles TEM image(Fig. 2)show that the particles are roughly spherical and polydispersed))(approximately spherical in shape).The particle sizes, by considering about 115 particle, range from 8to30nm. the average size of the particles observed in the TEM image is in the range of 13nm, which is good agreement with that estimated by Debye-Scherrer formula from the XRD pattern.( )This is larger than the crystallite size determined by XRD,perhaps due to the presence of an amorphous surface layer. (the difference between XRD and TEM may come from the surface coating layer). fig .3. Magentic hysteresis of Fe3O4 Fig. 3 displays the magnetic hysteresis curve of the ferrofluid evaluated by VSM at room temperature,which is obtained from the magnetization cycle.we can see that the saturation magnetization(Ms)of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles was about 35 emu/g which is lower than that of the bulk Fe3O4 (92 emu/g).the Ms value decrease with decrease in crystallite size for mono-domain particles due to the surface spin canting (disorder) and thermal fluctuations.[i1]. ( Komada et al. have attributed the reduction of magnetization in magnetic oxide nanoparticles to the existence of canted spins and /or a spin-glass-like behavior of the surface spins.[M1]). The saturation magnetion might decrease on Fe3O4 →Î ³ Fe2O3 transformation because the magnetization of ÃŽ ³ Fe2O3 is slightly less than that of Fe3O4 in bulk materials.[j1] It is well known that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles show a superparamagnetic property. When a magnetic field was applied, the dipolar particles aligned themselves with the applied magnetic field, and resulted in a measurable magnetization. The saturation magnetization of theferrofluid was about 35 emu/g in the ferrofluid, which was lower than the saturation magnetization of pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles (50 emu/g), due to the fact that the saturation magnetization reduced significantly when the particle size was smaller than 10 nm. Also, the saturation magnetization of Fe2O3 nanoparticles was lower than that of Fe3O4 nanoparticles .So the saturation magnetization of nanoparticles in the ferrofluid, which consisted of a small amount of Fe2O3 nanoparticles, was lower than that of pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles.[w1] Furthermore, zero remenance and nearly zero coercivity can be observed for the nanoparticles on the hysteresis curve, which indicates that the particles are superparamagnetism.this is related to the fine crystallite size of Fe3O4 particles,which are in the nanometer range. 4. Conclusion In this study, superparamagnetic magnetite ferrofluid were successfully synthesized. The XRD,TEM and VSM techniques were used to characterized the structure size and magnetic properties of nanoparticles. It was concluded that the spherical nanoparticles synthesized in this work were superparamagnetic

Compare and Contrast Utilitarianism with Christian Ethics

Compare and Contrast Utilitarianism with Christian Ethics The ethical teachings and values of utilitarianism and Christian ethics are similar in some aspects, yet however are diverse in others. Utilitarianism is a generally teleological ethical system, where the outcome is said to justify the act. The act is considered ‘good’ if it brings about the greatest good for the greatest number. Christian Ethics, however, can be quite different. Many aspects of its ethics are deontological, for example, the Decalogue and Natural Law. There are other differences and indeed some similarities which will be considered throughout this essay. Christian ethics has many aspects which do not agree with the fundamental doctrine of Utilitarianism. Firstly, the 10 Commandments in the Old Testament are deontological, as it is law based and the action is considered good or bad intrinsically. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, states that an action cannot be right or wrong in itself, and it can only be evaluated when the consequences are taken into account. The Bible implies that none of these laws should be broken, yet Bentham thought that any rules can be rejected should the person determine that the means can justify the ends. Bentham held that no one should take actions as right or wrong as a given, but should use empirical evidence to work out their effect and subsequently conclude on its appropriateness. Bentham’s empirical method of finding out whether the action is worthwhile was to use the Hedonic Calculus, a process of assessment which gauges the act’s outcome in several categories, such as its certainty, purity or extent. Natural Law is another example of the diversity between Utilitarian and Christian ethical attitudes. Although it teaches that humans should use reason to realise morality (which is similar to Bentham’s attitude), it fundamentally states that there are God given laws of the universe which eternally and constantly exist in nature. It is a Christian principle to live one’s life in such a way they strive to be like Jesus, and are motivated to follow Christian principles and rules in order to do this. This however fundamentally goes against Utilitarianism, which states that humans are merely motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. This is how an action is considered good or bad in the Hedonic Calculus, if it brings pleasure for the most people or works to avoid pain. Furthermore, Christian ethics implies that one will find happiness by modelling themselves on Jesus and adhering to the teachings of the Bible. However, in Utilitarianism it is stated that one will find the most happiness when individuals are free to pursue their own ends. The process of using the Hedonic Calculus aspect of Utilitarianism can also be likened to the Christian ethical principle of using one’s Conscience. For this point, it is important to note that this is not in reference to the specific detail in the Hedonic Calculus, but is about the underlying reason for its use. In the New Testament, Paul advocated that the Conscience should be used when one needs moral guidance, which is linked to the will of God. Even though in Utilitarianism the ‘God’ aspect is not included in terms of justifying an action, the principle of mentally judging a deed is similar. John Stuart Mill developed his own approach to Utilitarianism called ‘Rule Utilitarianism’. There are some similarities with Christian ethics which lie in his doctrine. Firstly, Mill says that there should be general rules which people should follow in order to bring about the greatest communal good. This has two similarities with Christian ethics; first of all is the principle of law-making and secondly, the concept of the ‘greatest communal good’ can be traced back to the teachings of Paul in the New Testament, where he says that ‘a good should not be god for the individual, but for everyone’. Mill’s proposed laws would be those based on general Utilitarian principles. Mill likened this principle to the Golden Rule of Jesus, which is the teaching that Christians consider to be of the highest importance. The rule states to ‘do unto others as you would have them do to you’. Although this is essentially deontological, it is based on the principle of generating the most agape. Mill, like Jesus, held that general laws should be in place to help lead a good life. Situation ethics has also been pointed out as having similar principles o Utilitarianism. Firstly, both theories are examples of relativism, meaning that there are no absolute standard which apply to the rightness and wrongness of actions. Secondly Joseph Fletcher, the founder, argued that the Christian ethic of love can be labelled as ‘justice distributed’. ‘Justice’ is in reference to determining what the most loving thing is to do for everyone. This can be likened to Util itarianism, which replaces the word ‘justice’ with ‘goodness’, meaning goodness distributed (greatest good for greatest number).

Does Malcolm X deserve the honor of an American Stamp?

Introduction – Before the electronic means of communication reached the hands of everyone equipped enough to access and use such technology for correspondence and even until now that electronic mail or email is as common as the early morning coffee for everyone, the US postal office holds a significant role as an institution in the American way of life. Among the most important aspects of the postal service is the existence of postal stamp and how it has become more than an ornament in the envelope of domestic and international mails that Americans send to friends, relatives and business contacts. It has managed to find a niche outside its utilitarian purposes as it metamorphosed into a collectible item as well as an instrument that helped illustrate the shifting social policies in place inside the United States as time went by, particularly with its role in helping make the country a place wherein equal social rights is in place and improving and that institutions that recognize notable icons and personalities does not consider ethnicity and racial background. Whites, as well as African Americans, are all featured in the different issues of US postal stamps. But is everyone who have earned a status as a social personality have a sufficient enough reason to claim a seat in the list of other icons who are featured in the US stamps or is there a defining line that separates America’s exercise of a system free from racial discrimination from the nomination of every individual who might be a personal favorite but not entirely iconic in the progress of the American way of life as it is today? There are those who will agree that a person such as Malcolm X – born Malcolm Little – achieved a sufficient degree of social importance that earned him the right to have his name and face featured in the US postal stamps, while there are those who may think otherwise. To ascertain the validity of the claims that would stem from those who supports this proposition as well as from those who disagrees with the idea of creating Malcolm X stamps, it is important to put forward first who Malcolm X is and what characteristics and accomplishments he has that made him qualified to be included in the list of African Americans who graced the different issues of the US postal stamp. Who is Malcolm X? – Malcolm X was an Omaha-Nebraska native. Malcolm was the son of Earl and Louise and their fourth child as a couple (since Malcolm X's father also had children prior to his marriage with Louise). Malcolm X's young life was characterized by violence, seeing their house burned by white men and seeing his father physically assault her mother, while her mother was just as abusive towards him physically, which he thought was because of his color (Harvey, p3). Historians claim that the turning point of Malcolm X’s life that led him towards his newfound responsibility towards social and civil rights is during his important transition from being a non-believer to becoming a faithful. He was hardly a religious man during his earlier life, and that is putting it nicely since Malcolm X actually confessed to having ‘very little respect for most people who represented religion’ (Harvey, p5). But when Malcolm X converted to Islam, he adopted the name El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz and he became more active in not just religious preaching but as well as political sermons that advocated human and equal rights and consistently encouraged fellow African Americans to not be intimidated by actions of hate from white people. Sadly, religion, the institution that empowered him, is also rumored to be the one responsible for his death also, mainly because of Malcolm X’s leaning too much towards radicalism and his actions and words that nurture the atmosphere of civil disobedience and activism. Malcolm X in the American Stamp: Does he deserve the ‘Post’? – A United States Postal Service article stressed about its strong commitment in the effort to honor African Americans who made positive and significant contributions to the way of life in the country, even commenting about how the series featuring African American icons are amongst the popular US stamps in circulation. One of the areas wherein civil rights, equality and the absence of racism manages to display its self is in the selection of the icons and personalities that have adorned and will be featured in the postal stamps used in the United States for US mail. Civil and equal rights proponents will be glad to know that the US stamps accommodate notable African American icons – as a matter of fact, there are already some popular and iconic African American personalities that have made their way towards immortality via their presence in US stamps, and these personalities include Malcolm X as well as contemporary and fellow civil rights advocate Martin Luther King Jr., Booker T. Washington ( who is the first African American that was featured in a US postal stamp), Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman (the first African American woman who appeared in the U.S. postal stamp), Jackie Robinson, Scott Joplin and most recently, Thurgood Marshall. One of the noticeable characteristics among the African Americans who were selected to be featured in the postal stamps aside from Malcolm X is that they are not inclined to senseless and overt acts of violence and the outright disregard for laws and rules. King was contrasted with Malcolm X during their time because he was generally a pacifist, and Washington was known for using education as his main thrust to empower his fellow African American. As for Marshall, he was a civil rights advocate like Malcolm X during his time, but Marshall did not break or went around the law to have his way – he affected social change through the dispensing of morally correct and unbiased justice through the halls of the Supreme Court Justice. He assimilated himself with the system and made positive contribution towards his advocacy not by the distortion of the system but by helping create a just society bereft of crime. Thurgood was an icon because he believed that ultimately, the never ending social struggle is free from the color of one's skin and ethnicity, like the pursuit of fair and consistent justice by all. This particular characteristic – the ability to win an advocacy without the use of violation and without sowing more seeds of hatred among people of different races, the removal of violence as a means to achieve the victory of an advocacy, to effect social change in a positive manner – is an important characteristic and a significant consideration that the US post office makes every time they select a new icon from the civil rights movement group the act of immortalizing a person via a postal stamp design is a way of supporting everything that the person stands for and represent, and no modern day social institution will deify a person who is synonymous to violence, social disorder and criminal acts. Yes, it is true that not everyone can be saints, but if persons like Mother Theresa and Mahatma Gandhi can live a life without the use of violence, then why should the US postal service consider the criteria of moral soundness be overly high in their selection of the next new face in the US postal stamp? Yes, there are those who achieved their goals by the use of violence and force, like generals who won important wars and ruthless rulers who helped civilized nations and societies – but for those that can be achieved without violence, why would the best man (or woman) in that category be that which utilized violence and showed disregard and disrespect for the law? What message would it send to the public – whose taxes are making sure that federal offices like the US Postal Services operate so that they serve the best interest of the majority, and not the petty qualms of the few whose idolatry towards Malcolm X failed to comprehend the fact that Malcolm X and his acts of violence made him no better than the person and the institution he fought during his lifetime and aimed at changing. Conclusion – Malcolm X was an inspiration to many, mainly because he represents the rebel that every one wanted to become even just for once in their lives, against one act or experience that created the feeling of indignation. And while there are those who staunchly believes that he was instrumental in how the civil rights movement shaped in America during the late 1950’s and before he died halfway the following decade, the position of this paper in this particular issue is that Malcolm X’s violent and law-breaking past have placed him many points below in ranking along with other civil rights advocates – living or dead – in the US history who deserves to be honored with his/her own version of the US postal stamp. Reference: Haley, A. (1995). Autobiography of Malcolm X. Ballantine Books, N.Y.

Biography of John F Kennedy

Biography of John F Kennedy Free Online Research Papers With Harvard behind him, John F Kennedy briefly attended Stanford Business School and along with most Americans of his age registered for the draft in October 1940. His number was called, but he used his status as a student to defer entry into the military until the summer of 1941. Meanwhile, he left Stanford Business School and took a rather aimless trip through South America in the spring of 1941. John failed the physicals for both the army and the navy. His failed them from his health problems such as, stomach trouble, was far too thin, and while playing football on the Harvard JV squad during his sophomore year he had a bad fall that led to a rupture of his spinal disc. This left him with back troubles that would plaque him for the rest of his life. His father’s connection prevailed and a friendly doctor gave John a clean bill of health. He was sworn in as a naval ensign on September 25, 1941, less than two months before the bombing of Pearl Harbor. This was the day that would drag America into World War II. After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Kennedy applied for sea duty. He begged his father to pull strings to get him assigned to sea duty. Joseph Kennedy Sr. obliged and in late 1942 Kennedy was given an assignment on a Patrol Torpedo Boat better known as a PT boat. After six-months of training, he and his crewmates shipped out from San Frisco bound for the South Pacific and in combat with the Japanese. Kennedy was promoted to lieutenant and was given command of a boat designated PT -109. On the night of August 02, 1943 the PT-109 stood at her station in Blackett Strait, south of Kolombangara . This strategy was bad planning and even worse communication. Kennedy and fourteen other PT boats set out to engage, to damage and maybe even turn back the well-known â€Å"Tokyo Express† the Japanese navy more or less regular resupply convoy that enabled resistance to the advance of United States forces in the islands farther south. When the patrol actually did come in contact with the Tokyo Express, for three Japanese destroyers acting as transports with a fourth as escort, the encounter did not go well. Thirty torpedoes were fired with no more effect than to make the Japanese even fierier than they had been. The PT boats that had used up their torpedoes were ordered home and the few that still had torpedoes remained. In the doubtful hope of catching the action was that if the Japanese had not been damaged, neither had Americans yet. PT-109 was one of the boats left behind. Lieutenant Kennedy gathered his boat with PT-162 of his own patrol section and PT-169, which had been separated from another section. The three PT’s spread out to make a picket line across the strait. Around 2:30 in the morning, a shape loomed out of the darkness three-hundred yards off from the PT-109’s starboard bow. So difficult to see that at first it was believed to be another PT. When Kennedy seen it was one of the Japanese destroyers, he attempted to turn to starboard to bring his torpedoes to bear, but there was not enough time . The destroyer later identified as the Amigari, the escort ship of the Tokyo Express struck PT-109 just forward of the starboard torpedo tube . This ripped away that side of the boat and this happened less than a minute since Kennedy sighted the escort ship. The impact tossed Kennedy around the cockpit, and his radioman John E. Majuire was actually thrown from it. Most of the crew were knocked or fell into the water. Engineer Patrick McMahon, the only man below decks escaped, although he was badly burned by exploding fuel. Fear that PT-109 would go up in flames drove Kennedy to order the men who still remained on the wreck to abandon ship. The destroyers wake dispersed the burning fuel and when the fire began to subside, and then Kennedy sent his men back to the boat to see what was left of it. Two of Kennedy’s crew was kille d outright, several badly wounded, while the others managed to hang onto the half of the PT boat that was still afloat . From the wreckage of the PT-109, Kennedy ordered the men with him, Edgar Mavier and John E Majuire to identify the location of their shipmates still in the water. Ens Leonard Thom, Gerald Zinser, Ens George Ross and Raymond Albort were able to swim back on their own. Kennedy swam out to McMahon and Charles Harris. Towing the incapacitated McMahon by a life-vest strap Kennedy returned to the PT-109 alternately cajoling and berating the hurt. Harris exhausted, followed behind Kennedy to get him through the difficult swim. Thom pulled in William Johnston, who was debilitated by the gasoline that he had accidently swallowed and the heavy fumes that lay on the water. Finally, Raymond Starkey swam in from where he had been flung by the shock. The men were afraid to fire their flare gun for fear of attracting the attention of the Japanese who were on islands on all sides. After a discussion of options and aware that time was running out, the men abandoned the remains of PT-109. They struck out for an island that was three and a half miles away and hoped it was unoccupied. Kennedy had been on the swim team at Harvard, so even towing McMahon by a belt through his teeth, he was not worried about the distance. Several of his men were good swimmers, several were not and two of them could not swim at all. Kennedy arrived first at the island, named Plum Pudding, but called â€Å"Bird Island† by the men because of the guano that coated the bushes. Kennedy collapsed and waited for the rest of the crew. Alarmed by a Japanese barge that passed close by, Kennedy was determined to swim down the Ferguson Passage through which the American PTs passed when they were operating in Blackett Strait Island. He was hopping and clinging to reefs and he made his way out into the passage where he treaded water for an hour before deciding that the PT’s were in action elsewhere for that night. The return trip nearly killed him, for strong currents spun him out into Blackett Strait and then back into Ferguson Passage. On August 04, 1943, Kennedy led the men back into the ocean striking out for Olasana Island in hopes of finding food and fresh water, but also trying to get closer to Ferguson Passage. It was a disappointment, for it only had coconuts that made some of the men sick. On August 05, 1943, Kennedy took a canoe into Ferguson Passage once more, with little success. On August 06, 1943, Kennedy returned with two Solomon Islanders Gasa and Kumana to Naru. Gasa showed Kennedy how to scratc h a message into a green coconut husk. The message read NAURO ISL COMMANDER†¦NATIVE KNOWS†¦POST’IT†¦HE CAN PILOT†¦IIALIVE†¦NEED SMALL BOAT†¦KENNEDY. Gasa and Kumana took the message to the hideout of a nearby Australian coast watcher who arranged rescue . On August 07, 1943, eight islanders appeared at Naru shortly after Kennedy and Ross awoke and brought food and instructions from the local Allied coast watcher, for Lt. A. Reginald Evans wanted Kennedy to come over to Evan’s post. They stopped long enough at Olasana to feed the crew. The islanders hid Kennedy under a pile of palm fronds, so they could paddle Kennedy to Gomu Island in Blackott Strait. Evans had already notified Rendova of the discovery of PT-109’s survivors and the base commander was proposing to send the rescue mission directly to Olasana. Kennedy insisted on being picked up first, so he could guide the rescue boats PT-157 and PT-171 among the reefs and shallow s of the island chain. The night of August 07, 1943, the boats met Kennedy at the rendezvous point exchanging a prearranged signal of four shots. Kennedy’s revolver was down to only three rounds, so he borrowed a rifle from Evan for the fourth. Standing up in the canoe to give the signal, for he did not anticipate the rifle’s recoil. In which it threw Kennedy off balance and dumped him into the water. It was a wet and thoroughly exhausted navy lieutenant who climbed aboard PT-157. The PT-157 crossed Blackett Strait under Kennedy’s direction and eased up to Olasana Island early in the morning of August 08, 1943. The rescue went forward without incident and the men of PT-109 reached Rendova at 5:30 in the morning on August 08, 1943. Kennedy was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps for his courage and leadership. He also received the Purple Heart for his injuries suffered during the incident. Ens. Leonard Thom also received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, but the event for Kennedy was far more reaching than simple decorations. The story was picked up by the writer John Hersey, for which he told it to the readers of the New Yorker and Reader’s Digest and it followed Kennedy into politics. It provided a strong foundation of his appeal as a young veteran and for he was a war hero who had not won battles but who had shown courage, dogged will, responsibility for those he led, the ability to inspire them, and it would be otherwise inexperienced political leader. The ordeal made Kennedy a war hero, but Kennedy’s frail health gave away, for he contracted malaria and his old back problems flared up. He was rotated back to duty in the United States and by spring of 1944 he found himself laid up in Boston†™s Chelsea Naval Hospital and was diagnosed with a chronic lower back disease. By this point Joe Kennedy Jr., Kennedy’s brother, had been flying missions against the Nazis for some time. Joe Kennedy Jr. even turned down a chance to return to the United States in order to keep flying. Later some would claim that Kennedy’s sudden celebrity from the PT-109 incident bothered his older brother Joe Jr. and drove him toward a reckless pursuit of heroism. What became Joe Jr’s final mission was an almost suicidal dangerous operation that consisted of dropping ten tons of high explosive TNT on a German target in France. The mission proved fatal, as Joe Jr’s plane exploded in the air over southern England on the evening of August 12, 1944. The devastating news reached the Kennedy family’s summer home in Hyannis, Massachusetts, a day later. The family was united in grief and their sorrows only increased in September, with the news that Kathleen’s husband had been killed in the war. Kennedy’s back trouble continued and the he ro of PT- 109 left with a spinal injury received a medical discharge from the navy on March 01, 1945 . Returning to his family, Kennedy soon found himself the focus of his father’s thwarted ambitions. Joseph Kennedy, Sr. has seen his eldest son die in a war that he himself had opposed and he now channeled all of his energies and ambitions into a political career for his second –born son. Kennedy later described, â€Å"It was like being drafted. My father wanted his oldest son in politics.† â€Å"Wanted† isn’t the right word, He demanded it !† Later when Kennedy was President of the United States, he welcomed both Arthur Evans and Benjamin Kevu to the White House. The coconut that Kennedy scratched the message onto and Evan’s reply had pride of place among his trophies and souvenirs . John Fitzgerald Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas to where he planned to make speeches on behalf of the space program, for Houston, Texas was the center for the manned space flight program . JFK at age 46 had been President of the United States for two years, ten months and two days. Research Papers on Biography of John F Kennedy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Open Architechture a white paperHip-Hop is ArtLifes What IfsQuebec and CanadaGenetic EngineeringComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

The eNotes Blog 10 Popular Songs With LiteraryRoots

10 Popular Songs With LiteraryRoots Books, movies, music the media. They influence and mimic (and steal from) one another, resulting in a rich network of ideas and entertainment. At , we are unabashedly biased toward the written word (#BookNerdPride), and become  giddy when books are the source of motion pictures or other modern cultural benchmarks. While  bopping my head to some Lana Del Rey last week, hey, Lolita, heyyyy blasted through my headphones; I became  curious about other modern songs with bookish  Easter eggs. A bit of Wikipedia  studious research  later, and I was pleasantly surprised with all the hit  songs with literary inspirations. 1. Off to the Races by Lana Del Rey Ill start with another Lana Del Rey single because  Ive already spoiled her inclusion in this club. The lyrics of  Off to the Races  include the famous opening line  in  Vladimir Nabokovs Lolita: Light of my life, fire of my loins.  The aforementioned song Lolita also pays homage to  Nabokovs controversial, romantic narrative. 2. Poet by  Bastille Bastille has publicly stated this song is based on Shakespeares Sonnet 18. Poet is about eternalizing a lover by writing her into the pages of the song. One can speculate the crooners inspiration came directly from the sonnets closing lines: When in eternal lines to Time thou grow’st. So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.   3. Holland 1945 by Neutral Milk Hotel A hybrid of literature and historical influence, Holland 1945 includes several references to  Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl.  The opening lines of the song reference  Franks and her sisters deaths: The only girl Ive ever loved Was born with roses in her eyes But then they buried her alive One evening, 1945 With just her sister at her side 4. Jocasta by  Noah and the Whale UK-based indie band Noah and the Whale pays homage to the Greek tragedy  Oedipus Rex  by Sophocles with this tune. Jocasta is Oedipuss mother  and well we wont spoil anything if you havent read it yet (but try not to hit your head on the rock youre living under). The song follows her narrative  and her subsequent unavoidable doom. 5. Romeo and Juliet by Dire Straits / The Killers An oldie but a goodie, and a relatively recent reworkie by The Killers, this ballad was originally introduced in the 80s by the rock band Dire Straits and directly references Shakespeares infamous star-crossed lovers in  Romeo and Juliet. 6. Who Wrote Holden Caulfield? by  Green Day I think the answer youre looking for is J.D. Salinger, Green Day, and the book is actually  The Catcher in the Rye. Green Days song is named  after Salingers phony-hating main character Holden Caulfield, and expresses the novels  themes: Theres a boy who fogs his world and now hes getting lazy Theres no motivation and frustration makes him crazy He makes a plan to take a stand but always ends up sitting Someone help him up or hes gonna end up quitting 7. Sigh No More by Mumford and Sons Sigh No More by Mumford and Sons has direct  quotes from  Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing,  such as the songs opening line: Serve God, love me, and mend (spoken by Benedick in Act 5, Scene 2). 8. Hallelujah by Leonard Cohen One of the greatest songs of all time, in my humblest opinion, is Hallelujah by Leonard Cohen.  This ballad is biblically rooted, specifically intertwining the stories of David/Bathsheba and Samson/Delilah in one verse: Well your faith was strong but you needed proof You saw her bathing on the roof Her beauty and the moonlight overthrew ya She tied you to her kitchen chair And she broke your throne and she cut your hair And from your lips she drew the Hallelujah This song also has dozens of covers (Rufus Wainwrights and Jeff Buckleys are probably the most popular ones) and even has a book written about it. 9. The Resistance by Muse George Orwells  1984  influenced this song as well as the entire album. While the theme of totalitarian government is blatant  in the lyrics, the band was particularly influenced by the love story between Julia and Winston, as is evident in this verse: Love is our resistance They keep us apart and they wont stop breaking us down And hold me, our lips must always be sealed 10. Samson by Regina Spektor Another biblically influenced song, Samson is about a lover lamenting and musing over the ol  what could have been?  thought that plagues so many experiencing unrequited love.  The song mimics Delilahs love for Samson, which at times is unreturned, and the loss of Samsons power with losing his hair, possibly representing vulnerability in a relationship. Check out the full list on Wikipedia, and let us know your favorites in the comments!

Leadership Skill-Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Leadership Skill-Building - Essay Example The indicators are engaged in the measurement of performance drivers such as organizational vitality, productivity gain and market position strength. The metrics also measure the financial performance outcomes as well as stakeholder value generated. Research on life cycle model shows different organizational growth stages in the model’s growth through a basic illustration of revenues (for profit) and budget (non-profit) activities. Evaluation reports may illustrate absence of extensive predictors for international executive success while agreeing that open flexibility; drive, language, and personality skills contribute towards successful international leadership. More teams are comprised of people from different nationalities, languages, ideas, behaviors, cultures and ways of achieving objectives. A section of a given team may argue that international business language negates the communication issues for which cross-cultural teams are involved in developing hands-on experience for such disagreeing teams (DuBrin, 2013). People of different backgrounds of culture gather come together within settings that are always in a position of promoting interaction. The implication of such a balance is the energizing elements of the organization. Such a dimension also reflects a truthful culture and organization under which decision-making policies are traditionally held closely by smaller groups of individuals. The systems and mechanics of broadening senior teams vary based on organizational and cultural considerations. The scope of leadership includes creation of common contexts within the item and reason of the strategies that serve as critical milestones for broader leadership teams. In a number of cases, the approach prefers creating groups of between 50 and 100 people recognizing collective accountability for success of entire strategies (DuBrin, 2013). The steps present effective partnering

Sandin v. Conner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sandin v. Conner - Essay Example In said action, the District Court granted the officials summary judgement, which was however reversed by the Court of Appeals. The CA ruled that Conner had a liberty interest to be free from disciplinary segregation, for which reason there was a question of fact whether he had been denied due process, under Wolff v. McDonnell (418 US 539). 1. According to the decision in Wolff, states may in certain circumstances create liberty interests that are protected by the Due Process Clause. Those interests, however, will mostly be in the nature of freedom from restraint, in the sense that the punishment imposes an atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary and usual conditions of prison life. 3. The punitive measure taken against Conner, which is disciplinary segregation, is not the atypical, significant hardship in which a State might conceivably create a liberty interest. Aside from the fact that Conner’s record was subsequently expunged, segregation was administered as a usual condition of prison life, not more burdensome than similar measures imposed upon inmates in administrative segregation and protective custody. Conner’s discipline did not exceed similar but totally discretionary confinement, in either duration or degree of restriction. This writer agrees with the decision. It is true that prisoners do not shed all constitutional rights at the prison gate, (Wolff, 418 U.S. at 555), but it must be remembered that â€Å"lawful incarceration brings about the necessary withdrawal or limitation of many privileges and rights, a retraction justified by the considerations underlying our penal system† (Price v. Johnston, 334 U.S. 266, 285 (1948)). The court has determined that while the case involves a punitive measure imposed on Conner, it is not a â€Å"dramatic departure† from the basic conditions of his sentence. Within bounds of reason and where abuse is absent, the

Corporate governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate governance - Essay Example uthor, difficulty of identifying a causal effect is aggravated due to lack of conclusive theories, which enable researchers worldwide to regard a specific corporate governance code as good or bad. Corporate governance framework established within companies need to incorporate core values of accountability, transparency, responsibility and fairness (ACCA, â€Å"Disclosures on corporate governance†). Even so, reported high profile financial scandals such as, those of Enron and WorldCom, suggest that the framework was not implemented at all. Weak corporate governance and untrustworthy financial reporting were cited as major reasons behind these scandals. These facts called for the need to establish robust corporate governance framework among organizations all over the world. Following this incidents, many laws were passed such as, Cadbury Report in United Kingdom, Sarbanes Oxley Act in the United States, the Dey Report in Canada, the Vienot Report in France, the Olivencia Report in Spain, the King’s Report in South Africa, Principles and Guidelines on Corporate Governance in New Zealand and the Cromme Code in Germany. Some authors claim that these laws have proven to be immensely successful in achieving objectives of transparent financial reporting; whereas, some authors have conveyed their options against efficacy of these laws. A significant proportion of research has investigated whether quality of financial reporting is influenced by various disclosure requirements of corporate governance. The results of these empirical researches are mixed. For example, research done by Armstrong, et al (2010) fails to provide conclusive results regarding ways in which managerial compensation influences quality of financial reporting. Cheng and Warfield (2005) have pointed out that a negative relation exists between managerial incentives and the standard of financial reporting. According to them, managerial incentives are amplified on the basis of their performance and not

Francisco Pizarro Essay Example for Free

Francisco Pizarro Essay Francisco Pizarro was born in 1474 in Trujillo, Spain. In 1502 he arrived in the Spanish colony of Hispaniola where he later joined the expedition to settle Panama in 1519. I can say that Pizarro’s victory over the Incas is considered to be the most shocking and the most incredible military accomplishments in history. Pizarro wanted to be famous, so he thought it would be great to conquer the great Inca Empire. His own personal goals were to become wealth and to be known as great. This time, he intended to conquer the Incas just as Hernando Cortez had crushed Mexicos Aztecsand he couldnt have picked a better time. In 1525, Pizarro and two ships set sail for Peru. He returned to Panama, where he lived, with gold, llamas, and Indians. In 1528, Francisco Pizarro returned to Spain to get permission from Charles V, king of Spain, to conquer Peru for Spain. Charles supplied him with funds for the expedition. Pizarro returned to Panama and organized the expedition. He had a tiny army of 100 foot soldiers and some 60 cavalry. In 1530 he reached Peru and went to inland in Andes, to in town where the Inca ruler, Atahualpa, was staying. However, Atahualpa was in a civil conflict with his half-brother, Huascar and he had just recently won the war against his brother when Pizarro arrived, and the empire was still unstable. Pizarro ambushed the ruler, forced him to collect an enormous payment, and then executed him. Although the Incas mounted significant resistance to Pizarro, they were soon broken. Soon, by November 1533 the conquistadores were in control of Cuzco, the Inca capital.

Les Miserables :: essays papers

Les Miserables "Les Miserables" is about a man, Jean Valjean, who has just been released from the galleys after 19 years of imprisonment. He is in search of food and shelter, but all the taverns and inns in D----- have rejected him, because he is a former convict. He then meets a woman in front of the church who tells him to go to the house where the bishop lives. Although the bishop knows Valjean is a convict, he takes him in, and gives him food and shelter. However, Valjean is still tempted to steal from the bishop. He takes his silverware, and flees. Valjean is caught by the police, and forced to return to the bishop's house. The bishop gives Valjean a second chance, by telling the police that the silverware was a gift, and giving him the silver candlesticks in addition. Valjean is instructed to start a new life as an honest man. In M---- sur M----, Valjean invents a new manufacturing process, and earns a great fortune. He has his own factory, and has been elected Mayor Madeline, a new name, to begin a new life. In his factory, works a woman, Fantine, who has given up her child so that she could work to begin a new life, as well. Her daughter, Cosette, was left with the Thenardiers. She was treated terribly, and was forced to eat under the table, with the dog. Meanwhile, Javert, an officer in the galleys where Valjean served, denounces Valjean, because he claims he recognizes him as a former convict. However, he later changes his point of view, claiming that he has found the real Valjean, who is being charged with stealing a branch off an apple tree. Valjean could not live knowing that someone else may be charged more harshly because of the crimes he had committed in the past. Valjean announced his true identity to save the man. He returned to his factory to collect all his money, and then to escape from the police. Javert eventually caught Valjean. At this time, Fantine, who was deathly sick, thought that Valjean had brought Cosette to her. When Javert arrested Valjean, Fantine died. Valjean was sent to the galleys again, but escaped, by faking his death.