Opportunity of a Lifetime Essay

After reading this essay, one person may be added to the National Organ transplant waiting list. That one person can save or enhance more than 25 different peoples lives. The Donate Life Illinois is a group of agencies responsible for organ donations, education about organ donations and other helpful statistics to help people and save lives. The Donate Life Illinois group established that more than 6,500 people have died nationwide in the United States waiting for an organ transplant in 2011. An average of 18 people die each day waiting for an organ transplant (Organ & Tissue Donation Stats & Facts). Statistics can be overwhelming and confusing to understand, but one thing you can understand is that each number you read represents a person; a person that is waiting to be saved. This person can be a mom, a dad, a brother or a sister, someone important to someone else. Families try their best to try to help their loved ones search for organ donors. Not all patients are able to receive organs because the lack of organ donors. Through a simple two-step plan, which consists of educating more people about organ donations and changing the U.S from an opt-in system to an opt-in system, this could save those 18 lives lost each day. To start this two-step plan to fix the need for organ donors in the U.S is to educate the public about organ donations. Many Americans are not informed about this major issue of organ donations and or unaware of the lack of organ donors needed in our country. They may not realize that they can potentially become an organ donor themselves very easily. With the public becoming more educated, this will increase the number of donors and decrease the number of patients that pass away waiting for organ transplants. One major issue is the publics view about organ donations only occurring when they die. Organ donations are just as important for people that are living as well. For example, kidney transplants are in desperate need that a healthy living person can easily donate. In the essay â€Å"The Surgery Was Simple; the Process Is Another Story† by Virginia Postrel, she talked about her experience of being a living organ donor. She donated her kidney. She states, â€Å"A kidney don ation is a big deal to the recipient, but public perceptions exaggerate what’s involved for the donor† (Postrel, Virginia). The government should clearly explain how easily the procedure could be done. Kidney transplants require a few incisions just enough to get the kidney out. The recovery process is a couple days and you are the same person you were before. It’s not a life changing procedure. Deciding whether to donate is also another issue. She states, â€Å"Even relatively supportive transplant centers like mine make it easier to quit than to go through with it† (Postrel, Virginia). The government should promote organ donations. They should help the public understand that they could save many lives by donating. Organ donations are a very important in the U.S and the public needs to understand the importance of donating. The last part in the two-step plan to fix the need for organ donors in the U.S is to change the opt-in system to an opt-out system. The United States currently has an opt-in system, which individuals are asked to register their willingness to be a donor after their death . The opt-in system that our nation has currently is not very effective. â€Å"A 2005 Gallup poll revealed that more than half the population of the United States was willing to donate organs after death, but inefficiencies in the current system mean that even willing donors often end up not donating† (Carney, Scott). This is a sad statement that has been stated. This shows that there are people willing to donate but because of our system, its more difficult to pull through the procedure and unaware of how to become an organ donor. The government should come up with a solution to help these perfectly good donors willing to help others through an easier process such as an opt-out system. Donate Life America has a statistic that states, â€Å"90% of Americans say they support donation, but only 30% know the essential steps to take to become a donor† (Statistics). By having an opt-out system, it would make it easier for people to get involved with organ donations and it woul d increase the number of organ donors significantly. Instead of â€Å"100 million people that are organ donors in the U.S† (Organ & Tissue Donation Stats & Facts), we could double this number to 200 million people with more people being able to become organ donors. Some people oppose the opt-out system because they are worried about their relatives not knowing the need for an opt-out organ donor registration, a mandate will be in effect. The mandate will require the DMV and Hospitals to ask people if they want to be on the opt-out organ donor list. Most United States citizens have a driver’s license, which means they have to renew it every couple years so it is up to date. The government can then require people that are renewing their license to be informed about the opt-out system and then they can decide whether they want to be removed from the organ donation list or not. In Hospitals, the policy can consist of requiring the patients to sign a document while they are checking into the hospital stating that they understand the opt-out policy completely for organ donations and can state if they do not want to be removed from the organ donation list. If the patient doesn’t want to become an organ donor, they have the right to register as a non-organ donor. This mandate will potentially eliminate the donors family’s claim that they did not realize that the donor need to opt-out of the list to become an organ donor. Through this simple two-step plan, this policy can increase the number of organ donors on the United States, and it will decrease the number of deaths due to the lack of organ donors. With the public becoming more educated about organ donations, people will be less hesitant to go through the organ donation process. The United States government can influence people to go through with organ donations and change the U.S system from an opt-in system to an opt-out system. Changing the opt-in system to an opt-out system will increase organ donors significantly as well because it will be an easier way to establish if the person wants to become an organ donor or not. By these two simple plans to increase organ donations, those 18 lives lost each day will be reduced because of the people wanting to help each other and donate their organs to the people in desperate need of donors. Works cited Carney, Scott. â€Å"The Case for Mandatory Organ Donation.† Patterns for College Writing. 12th ed. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Pgs 614-617. Print. â€Å"Organ & Tissue Donationï€  Stats & Facts.† Donate Life Illinois. Gammon Group, 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. . Postrel, Virginia. â€Å"The Surgery Was Simple; the Process Is Another Story.† Patterns for College Writing. 12th ed. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Pgs 625-627. Print. â€Å"Statistics.† Statistics | Donatelife.net. N.p., July 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. .

History of Art – Cubism

Historical Account Cubism is a part of the abstraction period of modern art in the beginning of the twentieth century. There was a series ‘isms' that influenced each other and came quickly in the modern world of art. These include Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Division and Symbolism. It was believed to be started with Picasso and Baroque in 1907. Cubism was a movement of modern artists going against the accepted style of paintings and pushing the boundaries of what was modern art.The Impressionists and Realists of the late 19th century started to paint more everyday items and in a ore spontaneous fashion, in contrast to the classical period which came before. Immediately before cubism were artists like Cezanne and Serrate who were considered to be post impressionists who were converting impressionism into a more classical style. Then Van Gogh wanted to express more emotion in his art than the impressionists had, and his style started to develop including vivid colors and bright landscapes.Art in the modern world moved from telling stories and depicting important historical occasions, to a more personal approach from the artist. The artist wanted to explore their emotions, the everyday and play with form, perspective and composition These colors and need to express emotions led to different movements of expressionism, the Fauves (wild beasts) which had artists including Van Gogh and Gauguin, German expressionism was more extreme, Abstraction came after this and cubism was one of the forms that led heavily from it.During 1908, Baroque and Picasso realized they were working towards the same ideas and decided to work together until 1914. Their principal subject became the still life. They experimented with painting and sculpture to express and challenge the way objects are represented. What you see depicted in a cubist work is not a realistic representation of the object, but a flattening of the planes that make up th e object from different directions in a strong geometric fashion.The artist no longer relied on the renaissance principals of geometric perspectives. The painter was free to explore a different visual reality and to challenge the viewer in what they were seeing in a two dimensional form. By 1909 Picasso began to break individual forms into smaller faceted shapes. For example the head had each feature as its own carefully modeled form. â€Å"The paintings and drawings of 1909 are works which give rise to the word cubism when Picasso was accused of dividing his pictures into ‘little cubes'. In 1910 Picasso made a breakthrough where the figure was seen or represented as transparent planes that locked together which allowed the eye to pass through them to the picture behind so the pictures had a more sculptural element. The movement ended in 1914 as Picasso was a prolific painter and continued to explore other ways of expressing himself. There was a turn towards realism again in 915 to 1920. Critical Account – The Women of Avignon This painting is a particularly important work in the development of cubism and Picasso artistic Journey.The picture is grounded in tradition and yet challenges the viewer with new perspectives and treatment of color and form. Picasso starts with the classical grouping of the three figures on the left. Their placement and gestures and semi nude attire seem to be familiar and are drawn from the images of the late Renaissance of the three graces. Picasso uses this familiarity to lure the viewer in but then starts to play with perspective, proportion ND color to challenge and represent a new way of viewing.Picasso has distorted the figures, using angular planes and we can see the beginnings of the different perspectives represented in the arms and faces of the figures. He uses flesh colored tones for the figures but in a very flat way rather than the traditional gently coupled tones of classical realism that leads to the repre sentation of the three dimensional figure on the two dimensional canvas. The shading and abstract nature of the shapes used meaner that they are very much in the modern world.We can see an example of this shifting of the perspective in the two central figures where the eyes are different sizes, the noses are off-set and the shape of the ears is distorted. As we look at the body of the three figures and the draping, we start to see flat geometric shapes and the beginning of the cubist treatment of the human figure. When we look at the small still life of fruit in a bowl at the bottom of the painting, we see the flattening of perspectives emerging. If this were a real representation of fruit in a bowl they would be effected by gravity.This representation makes the viewer eel anxious, waiting for the fruit to fall. In this way Picasso creates tension and expresses emotion through the distorted perspective. Picasso had a very difficult relationship with women and in the painting he repr esents women very differently between the group of three on the left, and the group of two on the right hand side. The three classical figures are more sympathetic and easy on the eye for the viewer, but there is dark shadows on the figures in the far left that hint at darker emotions.The figures on the right are more fully abstracted and show the influence of African ribald masks and paintings. The colors are not sympathetic, classical nude colors, but instead brighter and harsher reds, blues and greens. These women are confronting and convey a strong emotion for the viewer, but this destruction of form is not accidental but quite methodical. Everything in the picture is broken up into angular wedges and facets. Having said that these shapes are not flat but are shaded in such a way to give some sense of the third dimension. These sharp angles and edges, voids and solids, led to this movement being dubbed as cubism. History of Art – Cubism Is a part of the abstraction period of modern art In the beginning of the twentieth century. There was a series ‘Isms' that Influenced each other and came quickly In the modern world of art. These Include Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Dolmen's and Symbolism. It was believed to be started with Picasso and Braque's in 1907. Cubism was a movement of modern artists going against the accepted style of paintings and pushing the boundaries of what was modern art.The Impressionists ND Realists of the late 19th century started to paint more everyday items and in a more spontaneous fashion, in contrast to the classical period which came before. Immediately before cubism were artists like Cezanne and Serrate who were considered to be post Impressionists who were converting Impressionism into a more classical style. Then Van Gogh wanted to express more emotion in his art than the impressionists had, and his style started to develop Including vivid colors and bright landscapes.Art In the modern world moved from telling stones and depleting important historical occasions, to a more personal approach from the artist. The artist wanted to explore their emotions, the everyday and play with form, perspective and composition These colors and need to express emotions led to different movements of expressionism, the Fauves (wild beasts) which had artists including Van Gogh and Gauguin, German expressionism was more extreme, Abstraction came after this and cubism was one of the forms that led heavily from it.During 1908, Braque's and Picasso realized they were working towards the same Ideas and decided to work together until 1914. Their principal subject became the still life. They experimented with painting and sculpture to express and challenge the way objects are represented. What you see depicted in a cubist work is not a realistic representation of the object, but a flattening of the planes that make up the object from different d irections in a strong geometric fashion.The artist no longer relied on the renaissance principals of geometric perspectives. The painter was free to explore a different visual reality and to challenge the viewer in what they were seeing in a two dimensional form. By 1909 Picasso began to break individual forms into smaller faceted shapes. For example the head had each feature as its own carefully modeled form. â€Å"The paintings and drawings of 1 909 are works which give rise to the word cubism when palaces was accused of dividing his pictures Into ‘little cubes'. In 1910 palaces made a breakthrough where the figure was seen or represented as transparent planes that locked together which allowed the eye to pass through them to the picture behind so The movement ended in 1914 as Picasso was a prolific painter and continued to explore other ways of expressing himself. There was a turn towards realism again in 1915 to 1920. Critical Account – The Women of Avignon This pa inting is a particularly important work in the development of cubism and Picasso artistic Journey.The picture is grounded in tradition and yet challenges the viewer with new perspectives and treatment of color and form. Picasso starts with the classical grouping of the three figures on the left. Their placement and gestures and semi nude attire seem to be familiar and are drawn from the images of the late Renaissance of the three graces. Picasso uses this familiarity to lure the viewer in but then starts to play with perspective, proportion and color to challenge and represent a new way of viewing.Picasso has distorted the figures, using angular planes and we can see the beginnings of the different perspectives represented in the arms and faces of the figures. He uses flesh clouded tones for the figures but in a very flat way rather than the traditional gently suspected tones of classical realism that leads to the representation of the three dimensional figure on the two dimensional canvas. The hading and abstract nature of the shapes used means that they are very much in the modern world.We can see an example of this shifting of the perspective in the two central figures where the eyes are different sizes, the noses are off-set and the shape of the ears is distorted. As we look at the body of the three figures and the draping, we start to see flat geometric shapes and the beginning of the cubist treatment of the human figure. When we look at the small still life of fruit in a bowl at the bottom of the painting, we see the flattening of perspectives emerging. If this were a real representation of fruit n a bowl they would be effected by gravity.This representation makes the viewer feel anxious, waiting for the fruit to fall. In this way Picasso creates tension and expresses emotion through the distorted perspective. Picasso had a very difficult relationship with women and in the painting he represents women very differently between the group of three on the le ft, and the group of two on the right hand side. The three classical figures are more sympathetic and easy on the eye for the viewer, but there is dark shadows on the figures in the far left that hint at darker emotions.The figures on the right are more fully abstracted and show the influence of African tribal masks and paintings. The colors are not sympathetic, classical nude colors, but instead brighter and harsher reds, blues and greens. These women are is not accidental but quite methodical. Everything in the picture is broken up into angular wedges and facets. Having said that these shapes are not flat but are shaded in such a way to give some sense of the third dimension. These sharp angles and edges, voids and solids, led to this movement being dubbed as cubism.

Satirical Elements in “Slaughterhouse-Five”

Kurt Vonnegut uses a variety of elements including satire which he was credited with being a master of, in â€Å"Slaughterhouse-Five† where he tells the story of Billy Pilgrim. The book is loosely based on Vonnegut’s experiences during the firebombing of Dresden in World War II. The literary element in â€Å"Slaughterhouse-Five† that I will focus on is this paper is his element of satire. Even the plot of this novel can be found to have satire in it. This main character Billy Pilgrim becomes unstuck in time after being abducted by aliens from the planet Tralfamadore where he is mated with a porn star. I even found satire in that Billy Pilgrim, was a bumbling and unlikely hero character. The fictional alter ego Billy Pilgrim was born in 1922, which if you happen to know about Vonnegut’s life, he too was born in 1922. I find satire in his Vonnegut’s fictional author, Kilgore Trout. It is rumored that this â€Å"Kilgore† could have been anyone from author Theodore Sturgeon, science fiction author Philip K. Dick or even Vonnegut’s own alter ego. Readers could find satire in the circumstances of the death of character Edgar Derby. Edgar was among the survivors of the war of Dresden and was engaged in the clean-up activities. The imprisoned soldiers were instructed to use flame-throwers to burn the bodies and the ruins of the war left in Dresden. Derby then gets shot by a guard for simply taking a teapot from the ruins after Derby had survived the fire-bombing of Dresden during World War II. In one part of â€Å"Slaughterhouse-Five,† we find an inebriated Billy Pilgrim entering his car while desperately trying to locate the missing steering wheel to the car and the readers are then clued in that he has entered the back seat area of the car. In another part of â€Å"Slaughterhouse-Five† Billy Pilgrim becomes unstuck in time while watching television. We read as Billy then watches a war film backwards and then he watches it forwards. During the wedding night to his wife Valencia, he first travels from the zoo on Tralfamadore. Billy wakes up only to find himself in a German prison camp. Upon returning from the bathroom, he finds himself back with his wife. Billy goes to sleep again only to wake up on a train to his father’s funeral. The story used satire and dark humor somewhat interchangeably at points. A kind of ironic satire perhaps could be found when Billy’s American compatriot Roland continues to hit Billy because he feels Billy is moving too slowly. The German soldiers or â€Å"the enemies† then arrive and rescue Billy from further mistreatment from his American compatriot. Billy’s fear of being displayed naked in the zoo could be satire or associated with Billy (or Vonnegut) not yet feeling comfortable in revealing his personal thought processes at this time. He could have been aware enough that he realized he didn’t want to be exposed for who he really was at that point in his life or that point in his mind. One could count it political satire when Vonnegut includes bits denegrading U. S. foreign policy and the U. S. Army in general. Vonnegut also satires egocentricity. I suppose some of the satire can be seen in how Billy Pilgrim criticizes those who are not assertive, those who are not in control of their lives. However, throughout the novel, even when Billy knew the plane was going to crash he said nothing and did nothing. He just let the flow of events happen. At this point he still felt as if the moment is structured and one cannot alter the moment. It wasn’t until the end when Billy has brain surgery he changes from being indifferent towards life to being proactive. It wasn’t until the brain surgery that Billy showed initiative and actively helped others. One could see satire in that in his normal state without surgery Billy was a passive member of society. It wasn’t until brain surgery, the positive changes or proactive changes begin to occur in Billy’s life.

Starting a Business Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Starting a Business - Term Paper Example The paper dwells in detail and focuses on the aspects of starting a sole propriety-based fast food chain in New Jersey. Starting even a small business can lead up to big decisions being made by the owner right from the start, which will need him to be ready to make some important legal decisions being one of the crucial points of future business success. The first and foremost decision to be made is to decide what kind of business it would be, the following article discusses running a sole propriety fast food chain. Listed below are different kinds of business entities. A sole proprietorship is a kind of business entity that is owned and run by a single individual. A limited liability company is a business entity that is a blend of partnership and cooperate structure. Fast food chains are recently becoming a very popular source of food in the United States of America. Therefore starting in a field which is hot with opportunity and ever increasing may give you a better market leading to better chances of running a successful business. The only disadvantage being the competitiveness in such a field. Research is an important aspect of business one must complete before starting a business to get all the essential information. For example, how does he want to run the company? Will the person be able to handle affairs of the business alone or may require partners? Sole propriety business is said to be the easiest and the simplest way to start up due to its ease of setup and nominal cost. It is a kind of a set up where a single person starts up a business and he himself is the face of the company and is solely responsible for everything in the company from funding, to earning profits and to being liable to the losses. Despite all the advantages of a sole proprietorship it can sometimes be proved risky as the owner is fully liable for all the business debts. In the state of New Jersey the first step is to being registered at the central county it can be under the owner s name or a fictitious name although in legal matters it is not a separate entity. In such kinds of businesses owner usually signs contracts with his own name including the matters of transfer of money, writing checks or holding bank accounts. Another step to take in setting up a business is finding a location to set up your business. It may be an office space, a retail space or a warehouse. In the case of starting a business you would require a retail space somewhere in the commercial district. It depends on the owner whether to buy, rent or lease the space. The next step includes getting licenses, permits and getting registered (â€Å"Doing Business in New Jersey†, n. d.). Starting a fast food chain requires the owner to get a license from the Division of Health before you start your business. All businesses must register for tax and employee purposes with the New Jersey Division of Revenue, irrespective of the intent to hire employees. Federal Employee Identification Numbe r (FEIN) is required by the state in order to register for taxes and employees purposes so that the owner can start running his business. Although in a sole propriety the owner can use his or her social security number. Internal

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 3

Company Law - Essay Example In the given problem, though, the place of incorporation of â€Å"Beauty Care Ltd or BCL â€Å"is not given, it is assumed that it has been incorporated in a valid jurisdiction. Hence, it is assumed that it is not a private company incorporated in Hong Kong and a company registered elsewhere, which is suitable for listing in Hong Kong. It should have a past trading record in the last three financial years and its net profit after taxes but before dividend should not be lesser than HK $ 20,00,0000 and in respect of the last two financial years, it should not be lesser than HK$ 30, 00,000. In the last three financial years, a minimum of HK$50 million should have been reported as profit. At least twenty five percent of minimum paid-up capital should be controlled by at least not less than one thousand public shareholders. It is to be observed that above mentioned minimum number of public shareholders shall exclude any employee holdings of the company. However, up to five percent holdings held by employees is permitted to comprise of the twenty-five percent public shareholding spread. By the introduction listing of securities already issued where no marketing arrangements are needed since the securities for which listing is sought are already of such an amount and so widely held that there is enough marketability. Beauty Care Limited (BCL) has to submit an application for listing its shares and it has to go through the formalities of the dual vetting and filing process by both the SFC and HKSE. However, in case if the application is made to HKSE only, then it will forward a copy to SFC. Further, HKSE will be the front-end communicator for the purpose of listing. (Soulier & Best 2005:200). Further, the listing document of an overseas issuer who wishes to have a primary listing in Hong Kong should furnish a summary of the specific regulatory statutory rules or otherwise of the overseas

Contemporary Christian Thinkers Put the Christian Story to Work Essay

Contemporary Christian Thinkers Put the Christian Story to Work - Essay Example Due to demanding jobs, people no longer have the patience to prepare a meal from scratch and grocery managers have resulted to stocking foods that are quick to prepare. Industrial systems distortion has also ensured that these foods are much cheaper and readily available in outlets. Norman Wirzba laments how a head of broccoli is so much more expensive than a hamburger and a bottle of water costs more than a bottle of soda. However, these low prices come at a cost. The growing need for industries to keep their prices low has led to environmental degradation, selling of foods that have little or no nutritional value, poorly paid workers and uncompensated farmers all in the rush to report profits (Wirzba 24) . Chicks are genetically altered to quickly reach maturity and synthetic fertilizers and poisonous chemicals used to grow foods that are enticingly marketed as sexy or performance enhancing to register high turnovers. Consumer ignorance to these antics is so high and thus the autho r wants them to consciously buy and eat health foods for beautiful packaging does not translate to health and nutritional value. In this article, the author uses the Christian story of creation and resurrection to demonstrate life as it was intended in a Christian lifestyle. There is a great need for life to complete its full term uninterrupted and to allow for death so as to pave way for life. God created all animals and birds and put man in charge to take care and nature them. He created the world in a way that any individual or animal can only give its full value if it is whole. Therefore it is man’s role to nature chicken and not to genetically alter them to the point their chests become so heavy that they can only crawl in their already congested sheds. These acts by managers in the food production system are not only crude, but they pose serious health risks to the consumers since these chicken have to be treated with a cocktail of antibiotics due to the degrading metho ds used by the farmers (Wirzba 24). Jesus died on the cross so that all creatures under heaven can be free from the self serving impulses and be saved by his blood. Feeding on the body and blood and Christ should inspire everyone to live a life like he did which paid attention to nurturing animals and letting them live the life that God wanted. The Eucharist is an economic revolution which champions combined efforts and skills to grow together. It should inspire farmers to embrace healthy farming habits that do not lead to the degrading of the earth. Farming habits that improve fertility and continued bumper harvests are inspired by the death and resurrection of Jesus which brought forth new life, which gave glory to God in the Christian story. The author presents very crucial observations on the evolving eating patterns and deteriorating production systems. I agree that the modern consumer is slowly shunning good eating habits, and the recent increase of fast food outlets is a clea r indication that this is a thriving market. Lifestyle diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cancer are the norm. Fast foods are cheap thrills that have resulted to costly medical bills and the increase of low nutritional value products in the market (Wirzba 26). There is a great need to address consumer awareness so as to boycott these harmful products that are flooding the market. Industries should be coerced to be more transparent in their

Chose Topic after reading Instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chose Topic after reading Instruction - Essay Example They believed in predetermination; God already choosing people who would be saved. Winthrop hoped that the new society would serve as an example to other Christians to emulate. Winthrop’s gave a sermon in which he urged his group of Puritans to remain faithful to the Lord in order to enjoy worldwide praise and glory. This sermon was to help the Puritans uphold high moral standards that would inspire the rest of the world into adopting their pattern. In essence, what Winthrop was able to do was to set up a community that established foundations to the modern religious life of doing good for the Lord. Key to this foundation was their adoption of predetermination and their will to purify the church from corruption (PennState World Campus, 2015). From the demands of purity that were championed by the Winthrop led Puritans during the colonial era, another shift occurred during the revolution era. However, this new shift questioned the earlier foundation of predetermination that was fronted by the earlier Puritans. A key element of the new shift, which was known as The Second Great Awakening, was the belief that an individual could play a part in their salvation by believing in God and Jesus Christ. During the Second Awakening, spiritual techniques such as adult baptism, which are part of the modern religious beliefs, were fronted. Charles Finney was an outstanding proponent of the Second Great Awakening. He encouraged people to attend revival meeting and gave equal chance to both men and women to give accounts of their religious experience. It is evident that the Second Awakening is an origin of the modern religious life. People taking an active part in religious communities, praising, and praying to God in public, characteri zes modern religious life. Therefore, it is evident that the work performed by Finney and others with regard to the Second Awakening shaped religion during

Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Speech - Essay Example lutions to these issues are about making different choices, having priorities and that prove our ability to deliver even where money is little (Laird1999). The importance of education is known to everyone in the society. The Liberal government which I was and still is a part of promised to raise university tuition money from $2,168 to $3,793 in the period between 2012 and 2017. The government, I can assure you is still working on the education benefits to bring this course of action in place for the benefit of our own young people who we are in the making to be the masters of our own house. Our education program has been through controversies over the years while it has still developed into something substantial in the long run. It is of importance to consider programs that encourage all of Canada and Quebec as one to bring together our young people to schools. Our education system will be subsidized as the English schools were subsidized to ensure every young person in this country obtains a decent education. My government will ensure that. The numbers of children out there are encouraged to return to schools. I will also ensure schol arship programs for our students in order to create expansiveness in their studies. We shall avail necessities for free in our public institutions to ensure smooth running of curriculum matters. Seeing children not benefit from our nations resources is disheartening. We therefore emphasize that these children be encouraged to utilize the available material in schools to benefit intellectually. I’ve met a large number of people who can barely make ends meet. Families in the entire country are face quiet crisis of ever rising costs. These costs are evident in the prices of oil and in overall way routine of life. Electricity and other bills are especially high. The government has over the years worked around the issue of matters by creating the Quebec Hydro-electricity. Contribution to this investment to subsidize the costs of fuel

Transgender and feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Transgender and feminism - Essay Example That said, one notices that diversity indicates strength, not weaknesses. Despite polarization and fragmentation, no force can nullify inclusive coalition politics (Connell, 2012). This paper will talk about transgender, with transgender feminists being marginalized from the mainstream of the womens movement. It will then explain relationship between transgender and feminism. Transgender individuals have been subject to extended scrutiny. Feminist literature is among the examination of these individuals. These literatures are the first to expose the antagonistic relationship between feminism and transgender individuals (Riley, 2015). A study by Butler (2010), defined transgender as ‘those who gender identity, expression, or behavior is different from those typically associated with their assigned sex at birth (Butler, 2010, pp 2). Every time the transgender feminists, who had been previously silenced, begin to speak out, some feminists begin to rethink on what they stand for or who they represent. In many cases, the idea of rethinking by feminists leads to the painful realization of their biases. However, in the end, the feminists would have widened their perspectives and constituency (Butler, 2010). Studies indicate that, feminists movements that have expanded their views are encouraging transgender individuals to take part in the feminist revolut ion (Connell, 2012; Riley, 2015). This expands the scope of their movement. The feminism movement formed by transgender individuals is called transfeminism as noted in the study by Koyama (2001). In the past, trans-men have contributed significantly to feminism than trans-women. Experts believe that is important for more trans-women to participate in feminism movements in order to increase the chance of liberating the women (Koyama, 2001). Many people think that transfeminism is in place to take over the existing feminist institutions. However, this is not possible because

The Impact of Branding on the Purchase Decision of Consumer Essay

The Impact of Branding on the Purchase Decision of Consumer - Essay Example The researcher states that a number of scholars argue that, in this present business environment, brands are imperative for organizations to sustain in the market. Apart from that, scholars have also identified the role played by brands in influencing the purchase decision of the consumers. This report will aim at underpinning the relationship between branding and purchase decision of consumers. The focus will, however, be on the UK market. On successful completion of the project, the influence of brands on the purchase decision of a consumer can be uncovered. Hence the study has high significance for business research. The topic of the study is ‘the impact of branding on the purchase decision of consumer’. In other words, the study will try to get insights into the role of branding in attracting customers towards the company. One of the most obvious reasons for choosing this topic is that there were hardly any studies done on this topic previously. This topic is also important because it appeals to the mass population. Furthermore, branding and consumer behavior are relatively new concepts in the field of marketing but have gained huge popularity in the recent past. There are several studies related to brandings such as the importance of branding for a com pany, branding and its relation to the stakeholders etc., but customers relationship with a brand has hardly received any attention. This study will also shed light on the relationship between sponsorship and branding. Therefore, this study has high relevance in the field of marketing and can open new dimensions of business. The study has several objectives but it will be divided into three broader objectives. Branding is a broader topic and consists of several other related concepts. Therefore, one of the prime objectives of the study is to get insights into the related concepts of branding. Apart from that, this study will also try to identify the advantages of having a brand in a company. Along with that, how users get benefitted by it will be identified. The main aim of the study is to find the relationship between customers and brands. Therefore, another objective of the study is to know how branding influences the purchasing decision of a company. The final objective of the st udy is also related to the concept of branding. In this case, the study will try to uncover the relationship of sponsorship with a brand. In simple words, the study will aim to unearth how sponsorship connects with a brand.  

Comparing and Contrasting Two Images Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing and Contrasting Two Images - Essay Example illions of Americans out of work and created the justification for more government intervention in business and society that continues today through the financial stimulus package. Photographs of desperate people during this terrible period in American business history abound but one of the most famous is that by Dorothea Lange which captured the sheer desperation of a mother who was worrying how to feed all her seven children (although only three were shown in that iconic photograph with the youngest still an infant). It is an unforgettable sad portrait. On the other hand, this photograph will be contrasted with a picture of another mother in a formal (official) historical portrait by an extremely talented female painter by the name of Elisabeth-Louise Vigee-Le Brun who struck up a healthy friendship with her painting subject. It is a curious twist of history that the mother portrayed in this painting happened to be the queen of France named Marie Antoinette who was of Austrian origin but was married off to the French dauphin (heir apparent to the royal throne) at that time to cement the relations between the two countries of France and Austria. The French people soon soured of Marie Antoinette and killed her through the guillotine. These two photographs show how life can be unfair at times which in turn validates the old idiomatic expression of â€Å"thats the way the cookie crumbles.† Discussion – the first photograph is entitled â€Å"Destitute Pea Pickers in California† and it was taken by Dorothea Lange in Nipomo, California at around February or March of 1936. This was around the time when the depression was at its peak (the vicious cycle was at its worst time) and this photograph, alternatively called as â€Å"Migrant Mother† (Lange, 1936) by photograph enthusiasts, is considered as the most iconic of the Depression era. It captured the sheer sense of hopelessness, anxiety, and desperation which many Americans felt at that time but this one photograph

Catholic Church so successfully in the years 1517-1525 Essay Example for Free

Catholic Church so successfully in the years 1517-1525 Essay Why was Luther able to challenge the Catholic Church so successfully in the years 1517-1525? Various reasons contributed to Martin Luther’s success in challenging the Catholic Church from the years 1517-25. The five key reasons behind Luther’s success were his protection by Frederick the Wise, the fact his ideas were appealing and popular, his passion and determination, the failures of the Church itself and finally, the timing of his challenge. Some of these factors also affected each other and these links provide the strength which allowed Luther’s revolt to be so successful. This is because one of these factors alone would not have been sufficient in preventing Luther gaining the same fate as those who attempted a reformation before him. Conversely, some reasons can also be considered as having a larger and more widespread effect than others, meaning they were more significant in contributing to the final outcome. Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony and founder of the University of Wittenberg was the most powerful early defender of Luther. He played a large role in helping Luther keep his message spreading and on several occasions used his authority to benefit Luther’s revolt. For example, The Papal Bull of Excommunication was never carried out in Saxony and neither were the terms of the Edict of The Worms. Also, Frederick persuaded Charles V to carry out the Diet of Worms in German, instead of Rome, so that Luther could defend himself safely. Another way Frederick defended Luther was in 1521 when he had him ‘kidnapped’ on his way back from Worms and taken to the Wartburg for his safety. The significance of Frederick the Wise’s protection is that he ultimately prevented Luther from being killed or persecuted by those who disagreed with his motives. This in turn allowed his message to carry on spreading and to be developed. Therefore, Frederick the Wise had a fundamental effect on the Lutheran movement because although he never converted to the religion, he contributed to its development and influence over Saxony. The main reason Wise supported Luther was because Luther was a teacher at his University and Wise did not want it to gain a bad reputation. However, other reasons can also be considered such as the fact that Luther’s ideas proved popular and therefore Frederick was happy to support him. Essentially, Luther’s success relied upon his ideas being popular and the reason for this was due to the fact his ideas appealed to people of all classes. He addressed his message differently to both the princes, in Address to the Christian Nobility, and the peasants, by creating sermons and woodcuts. This allowed his message to spread among everyone. His ideas appealed to the different classes; peasants interpreted his message of ‘priesthood of all believers’ as supporting social equality and used it as a basis for the Peasants War in 1525 thus showing they supported Luther up until this point. The nobility also joined the reform movement as they believed it would strengthen their political position and remove papal influence in their territories. His popularity is shown by the fact his publications were of the most popular at the time. The fact his ideas were popular were vital to his success as his argument had to be seen as valid for him to gain support. Moreover, the fact he had support from a variety of everyday Germans was crucial for keeping his message spreading. A significant reason for his ideas proving popular is due to the church’s failures which at the time was becoming increasingly less tolerated and gave a clear example of the faults he was trying to highlight. The lack of tolerance towards the church was due to the fact that many Germans saw the Pope as a foreigner who did little to benefit Catholics, despite the high papal taxes they had to pay to him. These taxes were used to pay for the rebuilding of St Peter’s Basilica in Rome thus not being advantageous to the Germans who were paying the tax. However the intolerance was not only towards the papacy but also parish priests who were not fulfilling their pastoral duties. Many also committed clerical abuses such as pluralism and simony. As a result, people generally had the growing feeling they were being exploited for their money and faith. This feeling over anticlericalism was further developed from Luther’s ideas. It is also a reason for the fact Luther’s ideas were popular, because they could be related too and agreed with. Failures of the Church were not a directly significant reason for Luther’s success, it allowed him to gain more support but only because his ideas were popular. Anticlericalism had been around for a long time, and only enhanced the popularity of his message as it coincided with a time when intolerance towards church failures was increasing. Another reason for Luther’s ideas proving popular was due to his personality and passion for making a change. This passion is seen through his obsession with finding salvation. In addition, he was fearless in putting his point across regardless of consequences such as in 1519 in his debate with Johann Eck where he argued his ideas confidently and 1521 at the Diet of Worms, where he claimed that by recanting, he would be promoting tyranny and his conscience would not allow him to do so, therefore he would not be silenced. Luther’s determination also relates to why his ideas proved popular, he had the power to make people believe and support him. This determination meant he was the catalyst for the reformation in Europe. He not only believed there was corruption in the Catholic Church, but spoke out publicly about his ideas that salvation would be found through faith alone. It also links to Frederick’s choice to defend him because his passion earned him the role as a lecturer at Wittenberg University which meant Frederick was more willing to support him. Luther’s personality was important for his success, he was determined to change the system of the Church and this prevented him from giving up, and instead keeping his message extending across the Empire. The final factor that can be considered and linked to the others is the timing of Luther’s movement. It coincided with the return of the Renaissance era which invited new thinking about education and society that came from ancient Greek and Roman teachings. These secular, humanist ideas believed that the Church should not rule civic matter but only give guidance in spiritual matters, which Luther also emphasised in his teachings. In other words, he agreed with the Renaissance way of thinking, focusing on the present, and seeing that change was desperately needed in the Catholic Church. This was significant as it ran parallel to his beliefs and helped in the development of his own ideas, as well as making them more relatable to everyday Germans, therefore having a similar effect to that of intolerance towards anticlericalism. In addition, his ideas were spread quicker by the invention of the printing press. His Ninety Five Theses was printed, meaning his word was spread rapidly. Previous to the printing press, people with ideas had no effective way to spread them. Therefore, the printing press also links to the fact his ideas were seen as popular because they could be seen by many. On the contrary, the fact that less than 10% of the population could read or write was a limiting factor to the spread of his message. Therefore, the fact his revolt began at a time when society and technology was also changing means it was carried along with the flow of new, revolutionary ideas, which helped his message to be heard by more people. In conclusion, many of these factors link together to produce the same outcome – that Luther’s revolt was a successful one. However, the most important factor was that his ideas proved popular. This was because they, to an extent, were radical, new and well-liked. Martin Luther was one of the first to think outside of what the church taught him. He began to question the church’s authority and what was going on inside the Church – what he found was corruption, greed and malpractice. But this alone would not have made him so successful. His personality played a role by making him determined to speak up about it and therefore gain more support, making his ideas even more popular. Without these two factors working together, he never would have gained strong enough support to form a fully fledged reformation. However, more importantly than his personality was the protection he acquired from Frederick the Wise; this kept him from Harm’s way and allowed his message to carry on spreading. Additionally, to this was the significance of the timing of his actions. It turned what would have been a small rebellion into a national reorganization of the Church, due to the printing press and Renaissance era. Finally, but with less slightly less importance, was the Church’s own failures. On one hand it was important to his success because it emphasised the corruption he was describing, making it more relatable. On the other hand, anticlericalism had been around for a long time, it only emphasised his message but did not contribute to its successfulness. In summary, all five factors played an important role however the most important were that his ideas proved popular , due to his personality, and his protection by Frederick the Wise. The other elements played lesser roles but were still important in helping his message spread to a wider audience.

Tourism Development In India

Tourism Development In India Part 1: Tourism Development Before going deep into assignment there are some terms which we have to take into consideration. Terms are explained below- Tourism Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. Tourist- Tourist is person who travels from his residential place to non-residential place for pleasure, business or personal reasons, the duration of the stay is not more than six month at non residential place of the traveler. What is rational development? Rational development usually relates to the circumstances that causes development to any destination or place. (Badjatia, 2008) Chosen destination? As per the expectation of the assignment India has been chosen as a destination for the same. Rational for tourism development in India Socio-economic development of areas Tourism conferred considerable socio-economic benefits to the: Community thereby uplifting the quality of life. It can further foster development even in areas where other economic activities would be difficult to sustain. Increasing employment opportunities Tourism industry generates employment directly and indirectly, for almost 13-14 million people. Employment opportunities should be at least double of the present level before the turn of the century. Developing domestic tourism especially for the budget category Domestic tourists form the bulk of world tourist traffic. In India also, facilities for domestic tourists will be improved and expanded particularly the budget category so as to ensure an affordable holiday for them effects of tourism on culture and the environment in India. Development of international tourism and optimization of foreign exchange earnings. International tourism contributes substantially to foreign exchange earnings and keeping in view the countrys requirements, tourism wail be so developed that foreign exchange earnings increase from Rs. 2440 crores to Rs. 10,000 crores by the end of the century (US $813 to 3,333 million @ Rs.30 per US S). Diversification of the tourism product While retaining the traditional image of cultural tourism that India enjoys, diversification of the tourism product would continue, particularly the field of leisure, adventure, convention and incentive tourism, thereby responding to the changing consumer needs. Increase in Indias share in world tourism Presently the foreign tourist arrivals in India constitute only about 0.4 per cent of the total foreign tourists movement all over the world. One of the objectives of the action plan would be to increase Indias share to 1 per cent within the next five years (unesdoc.unesco.org) Preservation of national heritage and environment Tourism would be developed in a manner that our cultural expression and heritage are presented in all its manifestations including support to arts and crafts. Preservation and enrichment of environment should also form an integral part of tourism development. Stakeholders Person, group, or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives, and policies. Key stakeholders in a business organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources.( www.businessdictionary.com) Stakeholders in India Creditors Tourists Tourism organizations Government organizations Foreign currency Investors Stakeholders benefiting from tourism in India Getting capital to invest in development of tourist destination. Foreign currency In the country increases resulting into direct development. Generation of employment Better life style of the people in the home country. UNWTO technical manual: Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics (PDF). World Tourism Organization. 1995. p. 14. Badjatia, K. (2008). The Rational Development (2 ed.). Indore: A.K. Publishers. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001216/121600eo.pdf http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/stakeholder.html

FDI Policies of India and China

FDI Policies of India and China Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Foreign Direct Investment is a hot topic in most policy circles as it is associated in many instances with significant macroeconomic changes and improvements in the range of goods and services produced in recipient countries. Furthermore growth in recipient countries is often ascribed to these inflows and so competition for higher inflows of FDI has become competitive. Most of the developing and developed countries increase their economy by enhancing their share in the global market through FDI inflows. As FDI shows more impact on the countrys economy, most of the foreigners are investing their amount in other countries for improving their profits with less manpower and minimum initial cost. These inflows were easily achieved by the investors by just fulfilling their basic requirements and maintaining their policies. FDI can be used by the countries only when they meet some of the major requirements like transfer of capital, a source of funds for foreign operations, Control investmen t and a balance of payments flow (Nicolas, B., 2010). Even though the FDI inflows in developing countries are low that is nearly 5%, this shows more impact on the economy in terms of the development programs by introducing new technologies. This change will be occurred only in the surroundings of investment areas. Here, in this research the FDI inflows between India and China are studied by comparing both the countries. Further of this study clearly explains the various aspects that are considered by the India and China for increasing the FDI inflows in the global market and also illustrates the policies that are followed by China as most of the investors prefer China when compare to the India. Finally, it recommends some of the policies and the changes that need to be made by the Indian Government for improving its FDI inflows. 1.2. Aim and Objectives Aim: To study the variations between the FDI policies of Indian and China based on their inflows and overall performance of the economy. Objectives: To study the importance of FDI and the required fundamental policies for acquiring the FDI. To research on the impact of FDI inflows in India and China based on their overall performance. Identifying the possible steps for Indian policy makers for improving their FDI inflows. Statistically evaluating the comparison between India and China in terms of FDI inflows. 1.3. Purpose of Study This study mainly focuses on the Foreign Direct Investment, the role of FDI in India and China and also illustrates the comparison between these two countries in terms of FDI. This research is selected in order to know more about the investments made by the developing countries and the involvement in international financial banking markets to influence the global and political aspects. This study is mostly useful for the people who are willing to know about the role played by FDI in the fast growing countries like India and China where these two countries differs in their environmental conditions. While researching about the FDI in both countries, one can easily analyze that China is showing more interest in attracting the FDI and is leading their economy when compare to India. So in order to clearly investigate on this point, this study also focuses on the aspects and the policies that need to be designed by the Indian country for attracting the investors and also to increase the ov erall performance of the economy by raising the inflows when compared to China. 1.4. Research Context In this study the researcher is focused on the worlds largest two most populated countries: India and China with a greatest history background. These two countries are known to be fast growing countries in the world and are known for their ample facilities and environmental conditions. These two countries are economically improving their standards in terms of technology and infrastructural growth. However, China is considered to be more positive in terms of attracting FDIs and are almost leading the comparison with India. In this research the time is a biggest constrain and to understand the research physically is really a tough target for the researcher by visiting both countries to meet and interview/ survey the financial organizations experts from various locations. However it is also noticed that in India only the FDI policies are changing from place to place based on the local governments rules and regulations. All the major rules and regulations governed by RBI and Government o f India are applicable, addition to that the investing company also needs to ensure that the environmental and ethical issues are not disturbed by the foreign investors in local and urban areas of various parts of India. As an example, there are some pilgrim places of India which does not allow non vegetarian food or related items so in that circumstance neither Government of India or RBI cannot allow the foreigners to invest their amount for a restaurant or bar and etc. Similarly in China it is one of the largest countries in the world and is having different cultures and backgrounds with in the country. Hence from the above context it is understood that this research will mainly focus on the secondary data available and in some areas it can get into the help of people related to the financial and banking industry. 1.5. Research Methodology For conducting any type of research, the data needs to be gathered by the researcher where this collected information should be in such a way that it is valid and accurate. Researcher need to choose a suitable method from various research methods, by which the researcher can successfully finish the research. Generally there exist two different types, primary data and secondary data. Primary data mainly focus on the aim of the research where the researcher can easily collects the information from various methods like surveys, interviews, etc. Where as in the secondary data, the researcher can collect the data only from the sources like journals, books, magazines, online articles, etc. where the researcher need to collect the accurate data as these recourses will not focus on the aim of research (Kumar, R., 2005). Here in this research, researcher collects the information through secondary data as the main aim of this research is to compare the FDI inflows in both India and China. As t he time is the biggest constrain, it will be really tough target for the researcher to select the primary data as the researcher either need to do interview /survey with the concern persons by visiting two countries where it cannot be possible with the period of time. So, its better to prefer secondary data for gathering accurate information for the research by referring various resources. Hence, the research can be successfully completed by analyzing the collected information and drawing the conclusion from this data. Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1. Overview This chapter will provide the suitable information and required material for completing research successfully with no issues during the research process. At the same time the literature review gives a basic idea about the research problem solving background with additional material from their related background history. The growth of multinational enterprise (MNE) activity in foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown at a faster rate than most other international transactions as well as the trade flows between countries. The research literature review covers the objects related to foreign direct investment, detailed introduction and description of FDI and impacts of FDI. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has defined the FDI as an international investment of one company with the target of enduring relationship i.e. Investments made by company must exceed the equity of Target Company by 10%. The major requirements of the investors will help in faster growth of their organization which is explained by Nicolas, B. (2010) in terms of Control investments, supply of funds for foreign operations, a balance of payments flow and Capital transfers. 2.2. Brief History and background of Foreign Direct Investment In the present world, there exist various investment techniques for the corporations for increasing their growth. If these industries lacks in making right decisions in their investment then it may lead to reduce their growth and their level in the global market. So, many of the countries prefer Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) compare to other techniques because most of the corporations get affected financially due to their investment decisions. Mostly FDI is preferred as it is considered as an integral part of an open and effective international economic system and also referred as the major catalyst to development (OECD, 2002). In the present market, USA stood a number one position in FDI flows. According to Nicolas Breitfeld (2010, p.1), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is defined by the IMF as an international investment of one company with the intention of lasting relationship. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role in the financial sector. Generally most of the countries believe that increasing the international linkages through FDI is an important feature of financial globalization and elevates the major challenges for statistics and policymakers in industrial and developing countries (Neil, K. P., 2004). Further of this section, it clearly discusses the views of authors on FDI, the importance of FDI and mainly focuses on the issues that are being faced by the countries while introducing the FDI. Even-though authors define Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in different ways based on their research it is mainly mend to development on countrys and globalization. Some of the authors views on FDI are discussed below: According to Organization for Economic Co-Operation and development (OECD) (2008, p.62), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a business located in one country (the direct investor) invests in a business located in another country (the direct investment enterprise) with the objective of creating a strategic and a lasting relationship. Here, the author suggests that occurrence of FDI exists only when the business persons invests their money in another country. They invest their income in another country by making some rules and regulations in their relationship. But according to Alexander, L. and IMFD, (2002), foreign direct investment defined as the integration of three components which are illustrated below: The branch profits need to be distributed and divided in equity without any holding withholding taxes. Accrued interest need to be paid to the direct investor by the direct investment enterprise, this can also be referred as income on debt. Earnings are reinvested in proportion with the direct investment stake. In this context, author says that the investment and the interest benefited by the business people need to be redistributed in an equal proportion among the investor and the direct investment enterprise. At the same time, Neil, K. P. (2004, p.3), discusses that according to BPM5 (Balance of Payments Manual) FDI defined as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a resident in one economy (the direct investor) obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). ÂÂ  Here, the author discuss that FDI indirectly affects the economy of another country as the other country invest their income on another country for gaining interest on their investment. Even though the opinions and views of the authors differs in defining the FDI but all the authors focus on only one point that is the benefit dragged by the investor and the direct investment enterprise. These investors of get benefited globally with FDI on the interest on their investment and also increases their international linkages with the industries established in another country. ÂÂ   2.3. Impacts of FDI Foreign Direct Investment is considered as a driver of economic growth and development for developing countries which often lack the technology or capital to promote sustained economic growth and development. Mostly, FDI is considered as one of the major drivers of globalization as it continuously raises with the high growth rates before the financial crisis hit the world economy. The way through which FDI promotes economic growth and development to the countries is contentious because there is no definitive evidence and lags in supporting the literature. Even though there is no empirical evidence in representing the impact of FDI on the countries there are some theoretical explanations from which one can easily analyse the impacts of FDI on developed and developing countries. According to Bora, B. (2002, p.168), FDI flows were increasing rapidly much more quickly than international trade flows, which in turn were increasing faster than world GDP. Laura Alfaro (2003) says that FDI of fers great advantages to host countries because many of the academics and policy makers argue that there exists a most important positive effect on the development of host countries. FDI not only acts as the source of the valuable technology but also helps the countries in developing the linkages with the local firms that indirectly helps the country in raising the economy. Due to these reasons, most of the developing and industrialized countries offer incentive for encouraging the FDI in their economies. The environmental impacts of foreign direct investment may be positive, negative or neutral based on the institutional and industrial context. Gorg and Greenwood (2002) comes under a conclusion that the effect due to FDI is negative by reviewing the information from the foreign-owned to domestically owned firms. But Lipsey (2002) supports the positive benefits in preferring FDI. FDI flows attained a new record level right from the year 1990 to 2000. Then, from the year 2001 the gro wth in the investment failed and the later years it saw a steady and steep decline in global FDI flows. , Figure: Shows trends in global FDI flows during the year 1991 to 2003 (FDI, 2007, p.7). FDI affects the economic growth of the country in various aspects like it raises the formation of human capital, provides a facility to transfer the technology between the host countries and also stimulates the domestic investment. The relationship between the impact of FDI and economic growth can be easily analyzed with the help of production function and also with the other variables that affect economic growth such as domestic, trade, labour and capital (Falki, N. 2009). Production function was done based on the endogenous growth. According to Kumar, N. (1998, p.112), Direct investment was thought of mainly as a flow of capital, possibly replacing local capital or possibly representing marginal additions to the host countrys capital stock, followed by the necessity of financing dividends and interest, and possibly repatriation of capital. Some of the authors studied on the impact of FDI on economic growth in developing countries where those opinions are illustrated below: Authors views on Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries S.No. Authors name Researched during the year Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries (Yes/No/May be) Explanation 1. Balasubramanyam 1996, 1999 May be Requires open or neutral trade regime 2. Borensztein 1998 May be Depends on education level of workforce 3. De Mello 1999 May be Depends on degree of complementarily and substitution between FDI and domestic investment 4. Graham and Wada 2001 Yes Raised per capita GDP in Chinese provinces with FDI concentration 5. Graham 1995 May be TNCs market power can generate negative impacts 6. Loungani and Razin 2001 May be Risks 7. Lim 2001 May be Depends on tax incentives, regulatory and legal impediments, macroeconomic instability 8. Marino 2000 May be Requires open trade and investment policies 9. Mallampallyand Sauvant 1999 May be Requires human resource development, information and other infrastructure 10. Markusen and Venables 1999 Yes Raises productivity and exports of domestic firms, generates spillovers 11. Rodrik 1999 No Reverse causality: TNCs locate, rather than drive growth, in more productive and faster growing countries Table: Shows the authors explanation on Does FDI Promote Economic Growth in developing Countriesthis is a question? (LyubaZarsky, 2005, p.25) From the above table, it can be understood that out of 11 authors, only 2 authors support that FDI promotes economic growth in the developing countries as they explain that it raises the productivity, exports of domestic firms and stated a practical example that it raised the percapita GDP of china government with the help of FDI. Rodrik, opposed the views of the other authors on supporting the FDI as based on their research. From Rodrik research, it has been stated that it doesnt shown impact rather it was derived as a reverse causality. Apart from these three authors, the remaining 8 authors were in a dynamo whether to support the FDI or not because all these authors states that the impact on FDI on economic growth depends only on the circumstances that the author considers but not on any other aspects. For example: FDI shows more impact on economic growth only when the government fulfil some basic needs such as require open trade, investment policies, human resource development, i nformation, other infrastructure, etc. If these requirements are fulfilled by the government then automatically it get benefited with the FDI but if it fails in reaching those needs then it may face some risks due to the policies and the agreement between the countries. Hence, it can be stated that impacts of FDI directly depends on the situations and circumstances that are being considered by the government. By tightening of international financial conditions will have as awful effect on inflows of FDI. In the recent years, this has been main source of assets for many countries (U. N. Staff. 2009).FDI shows more effect on the economic growth of the countries as it provides various benefits to the countries that acquire FDI are illustrated below (Khan Arshad, 2007): Introduces the latest techniques and technologies of marketing and management with the help of FDI, the developing countries can know more about the latest techniques and the technologies that are being used by the developed countries. By acquiring and implementing these latest technologies in the developing countries, to some extent it can increase its growth in terms of economy. Exploitation and utilization of local raw materials usage of raw materials in the countries will be increased by exporting these excess materials to other countries and get benefited with them by importing other raw materials from other country which are shortage in their countries. Can be easily access to the new technologies as there will be a rapid flow between the countries, each of the country can know more easily about the other country and their religion. Based on this analysis, it can assess and access the technologies in their own region by making contract with the other countries. Financial flows between the countries Foreign inflows between the countries are used for financing current account deficits. The finance flows between the countries are transferred in the form of FDI where it doesnt generate interests and repayment of principal but internally raises the human capital stock through job training. Chapter 3: Empirical Literature on FDI based on INDIA and CHINA 3.1. Effects of FDI on all other countries when compared with India and china The existence of a strong negative relationship between trade share and country size was supported by the literature on trade and development. Country size and trade ratio are inversely proportional in size (larger the size of the country smaller is the trade ratio), the foreign trade, investment, and technology transfer between countries will directly affect the degree of sincerity and competitive pressures emanating from abroad (Pieter, B. 2007). Thus, the impact of these competitive pressures would be much less in a large country such as China and India than that among other East Asian NICs. In recent years china had recognized its need towards foreign trade, investment and technology with the aim of modernization, nothing like the Third World developing countries (India) that impoverished foreign capital. 1984-85 1994-95 1999-2000 2004-05 2006 2007 World 2.2 4.8 18.3 9.0 12.9 14.8 Developed economies 2.1 3.9 19.1 7.7 12.80 15.6 Developing economies 2.8 8.1 15.8 11.9 12.5 12.6 Developing Asia 2.3 7.9 12.1 9.9 11.0 10.6 East Asia 1.9 9.0 14.8 9.3 8.7 8.6 China 1.8 15.9 10.4 7.7 6.4 5.9 South Asia 0.2 1.7 2.4 3.3 6.2 5.7 India 0.1 1.7 2.7 3.1 6.6 5.8 Table 2: shows FDI inflow as percentage of gross domestic fixed capital formation (GDFCF), 1944 -2007. (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The average annual level of FDI inflow for developing Asia had raced sharply from US$ 19 billion during 1984 1985 to US$ 500 billion till 2007, at the same time share to developing countries have raised from 15.1 to 17.4 percent which is shown in the above table. The gross domestic fixed capital (GDFCF) as a share of FDI inflow is higher for all the developing countries in the period 1984 1996 and reversal due to the Asian financial crisis during 1997 98. FDI inflow for developing Asia with the average FDI/GDFCF ratio during entire period 1984 2007 is approximately 9 percent and 7.1 per cent when compared with all the developing countries at the same time the global average is 7.4 per cent. China is the recipient country of inward flow and the largest developing country from past two decades where it has been investigated a theoretical increase in inflow with in developing Asia. Among all the countries china was in the second position for total FDI flow as per the ASEAN countries , with increased average annual level of US$ 3 billion during 2000-2007, and from the year 1980 to 1997 almost before six years china was in the second half with US$ 30 billion which was the onset effect of financial crises from 1997-98, due to decline and with determination from about US$ 35 billion per annum before the year 1997 to an annual average of about US$ 24 billion between 1997-79. Establishment of export-oriented industries is heavily concentrated by chinas FDI, there observation on the share of FIEs for total exports in transition economies of china is two percent of expended persistently before 1980 and approximately 60 percent by the year 2006. India process to increases FDI participation in export- oriented activities which had remained at a outlier region of FDI whose one/third FDI during the independence in 1947 was a major amount of stock as a primary sector with plantation, mining and oil at the same time one/forth was the manufacturing and all the remaining stock s are in services, mostly trade, construction, transportation and utilities. The inflow started increasing in manufacturing from 1960s although with a divestment from this sector of FDI, since, low-wages, low skilled manpower are the Indias huge supply it can attract garments and other simple assembly activities which would indirectly favor the heavy foreign investment industry thus primarily focusing towards domestic market. From mid 1990s a slight increase in software is observed as well as significant competition with the world market at industrial production was not notable (Park, J. H. 2002).some of the difficulties which are to be faced and over come for fast development of the country . India faced many difficulties to attract foreign investors in both products and services market now it is only success to service industry of IT mainly. In order to overcome these difficulties to stimulate domestic demand this is given in three steps: The interest rates should be competitive in RBI. Value added tax (VAT) are to be implemented. Reduce the budget deficit through government. Figure: shows the financial states of India and china GDP the total chinas financial assets is approximately 220 per cent of GDP at the same time Indias financial assets is 160 per cent, countries savings and investment is the great strength for chinas financial system and Indias financial system is outside occur in savings and investments (Sources: Slide share 2008, slide No:18). 3.2. Fundamental policies of FDI India followed market-distorting policies on both foreign and private investments thus with this estimation about barriers for imports and exports are analyzed. Thus it become necessary to control the production and distribution as well as administered price controls etc. The impacts of opening up policies are likely to open up with foreign trade, investment and technology transfer, which would be much less in large countries of china and India when compared with all other East Asian NICs. Chinas opening policies in recent years is the success story with the favorable impact is not only for small economies but also for all large continental economies. China and India may not suffer from a large country constriction for adopting the export-oriented, outward-looking development strategy considerably (Park, J. H. 2002). The reformist policy is to fill the domestic savings gap which is necessary for economic development with foreign capital inflows, along with other goals in advanced for eign technology and managerial skills, and to promote exports to increase the foreign exchange earnings of the country. Due to open-door policy Chinas trade and inflow of foreign direct investment and loans are impressive, thus within a very short time china became a major exporting country, and an export competitor with the East Asian NICs (Newly Industrializing Countries) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries in the Asia Pacific region. The opening policies in china have contributed to the countrys economic growth and development considering all domestic economic events. The Indias economic reforms undertaken in 1991 in light of Chinas experience with the export-oriented, foreign direct investment strategy for economic growth and development which has been examined with superiority of export-oriented, outward-looking development strategies. Thus China can provide important lessons and policy implications in economic development for all Third World developing countries like India. The success story of china open to worlds economy made it ideal for studying the relationship between trade and development as well as for testing the validity of export-promoting development strategy. 3.3. Historical Background and National Goals 3.3.1. History of FDI in India The generational explanation of history is given as follows after Indias independence: during 1947 to 48 there was the British owned the private foreign capital through the national policies resolution which is Swadeshi movement Industrial policy. In the next generation i.e. from 1949 to 1953 foreign investments where far away from trio of domestic business house with foreign capital as well as with the government nationalist sentiments. The second Economic plan was launched in 1957 as industrialization through import substitution and encouraging private investment. Some of the selected industries got foreign collaboration and JV mostly manufacturing companies which are retained participation in India FDI since 1960s, the devaluation of rupee encouraged the socialist idealism banks and foreign oil majors nationalized after late 1960s. After almost 8 years in 1968 the foreign investment board had encouraging investments on there own terms and conduction. In the year 1973as per the F oreign Exchange Act (FERA) which launched a new article that all firms should come together for their foreign equity, holding 40% of foreign equity to be considered as Indian companies due to which IBM as well as coca cola is exited. After seven years of strict vigilance on FDI, from the year 1980 licensing procedures were liberalized to softened, technology transfer and royalty payments relaxed, foreign investment was encouraged wherever possible. During 1900-s rupee value got down, withdrawal of NRI money, India turned to IMF; there was liberalization on trade regime and regulatory frame work. Many of the industries were invited by FDI and in some cases limit was increased from 51% to 100%. The service sector was again opened for FDI. The political instability after 1995 had started but a perception towards FDI had changed due to changes in government kept focus on FDI. 3.3.2. History of FDI in China China has joined the joint venture with other countries in the year1979, and by the year 1986 china became fully foreign owned enterprise. It was divided into four zones namely Shantou, Shenzhen, and Xiamen in the year 1980. After four years in 1984 it was found that chinas economic zone has fourteen cities and whole china combined by late 1900s. There was a rapid economic growth in reform period due to profusion of labour and its low costs, Rapid expansion of Chinas domestic market at the same time plays important role of overseas Chinese for increasing integration with world economy. The marketing effects are generally obtained by imports and exports in both bilateral countries. FDI is very essential for developing countries for Off setting the capital deficiency, Acquiring advanced technology, Gaining production know-how, Promoting exports as well as to Table 2: shows FDI in India-China products Trade (in million US Dollars). (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The two highest population countries of the world are India and China which together contain approximately 40 per cent of the worlds humidity on an adjacent landmass in Asia. Both countries are pride in birthplace of civilization entering the era of sharing worlds greatest development problem. The underdeveloped areas of these two countries is due to huge population relative to land and other resources, around 1950s there was no commitment to national planning for economic modernization as there was new governments of China and India, led by Mao Zedong and Jawaharlal Nehru so as to eliminate poverty and raise the standard of living (Park, J. H. 2002). Approaches to Development: Some of the important characteristics shared within India and China as the wealth of people relative to other rare resources such as arable land, natural resources, and capital suggesting the appropriate strategies for development would have involved production of labor-intensive goods. Among these some are exchanged for imports of capital goods and technology as per the necessity for development. For economic FDI Policies of India and China FDI Policies of India and China Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Foreign Direct Investment is a hot topic in most policy circles as it is associated in many instances with significant macroeconomic changes and improvements in the range of goods and services produced in recipient countries. Furthermore growth in recipient countries is often ascribed to these inflows and so competition for higher inflows of FDI has become competitive. Most of the developing and developed countries increase their economy by enhancing their share in the global market through FDI inflows. As FDI shows more impact on the countrys economy, most of the foreigners are investing their amount in other countries for improving their profits with less manpower and minimum initial cost. These inflows were easily achieved by the investors by just fulfilling their basic requirements and maintaining their policies. FDI can be used by the countries only when they meet some of the major requirements like transfer of capital, a source of funds for foreign operations, Control investmen t and a balance of payments flow (Nicolas, B., 2010). Even though the FDI inflows in developing countries are low that is nearly 5%, this shows more impact on the economy in terms of the development programs by introducing new technologies. This change will be occurred only in the surroundings of investment areas. Here, in this research the FDI inflows between India and China are studied by comparing both the countries. Further of this study clearly explains the various aspects that are considered by the India and China for increasing the FDI inflows in the global market and also illustrates the policies that are followed by China as most of the investors prefer China when compare to the India. Finally, it recommends some of the policies and the changes that need to be made by the Indian Government for improving its FDI inflows. 1.2. Aim and Objectives Aim: To study the variations between the FDI policies of Indian and China based on their inflows and overall performance of the economy. Objectives: To study the importance of FDI and the required fundamental policies for acquiring the FDI. To research on the impact of FDI inflows in India and China based on their overall performance. Identifying the possible steps for Indian policy makers for improving their FDI inflows. Statistically evaluating the comparison between India and China in terms of FDI inflows. 1.3. Purpose of Study This study mainly focuses on the Foreign Direct Investment, the role of FDI in India and China and also illustrates the comparison between these two countries in terms of FDI. This research is selected in order to know more about the investments made by the developing countries and the involvement in international financial banking markets to influence the global and political aspects. This study is mostly useful for the people who are willing to know about the role played by FDI in the fast growing countries like India and China where these two countries differs in their environmental conditions. While researching about the FDI in both countries, one can easily analyze that China is showing more interest in attracting the FDI and is leading their economy when compare to India. So in order to clearly investigate on this point, this study also focuses on the aspects and the policies that need to be designed by the Indian country for attracting the investors and also to increase the ov erall performance of the economy by raising the inflows when compared to China. 1.4. Research Context In this study the researcher is focused on the worlds largest two most populated countries: India and China with a greatest history background. These two countries are known to be fast growing countries in the world and are known for their ample facilities and environmental conditions. These two countries are economically improving their standards in terms of technology and infrastructural growth. However, China is considered to be more positive in terms of attracting FDIs and are almost leading the comparison with India. In this research the time is a biggest constrain and to understand the research physically is really a tough target for the researcher by visiting both countries to meet and interview/ survey the financial organizations experts from various locations. However it is also noticed that in India only the FDI policies are changing from place to place based on the local governments rules and regulations. All the major rules and regulations governed by RBI and Government o f India are applicable, addition to that the investing company also needs to ensure that the environmental and ethical issues are not disturbed by the foreign investors in local and urban areas of various parts of India. As an example, there are some pilgrim places of India which does not allow non vegetarian food or related items so in that circumstance neither Government of India or RBI cannot allow the foreigners to invest their amount for a restaurant or bar and etc. Similarly in China it is one of the largest countries in the world and is having different cultures and backgrounds with in the country. Hence from the above context it is understood that this research will mainly focus on the secondary data available and in some areas it can get into the help of people related to the financial and banking industry. 1.5. Research Methodology For conducting any type of research, the data needs to be gathered by the researcher where this collected information should be in such a way that it is valid and accurate. Researcher need to choose a suitable method from various research methods, by which the researcher can successfully finish the research. Generally there exist two different types, primary data and secondary data. Primary data mainly focus on the aim of the research where the researcher can easily collects the information from various methods like surveys, interviews, etc. Where as in the secondary data, the researcher can collect the data only from the sources like journals, books, magazines, online articles, etc. where the researcher need to collect the accurate data as these recourses will not focus on the aim of research (Kumar, R., 2005). Here in this research, researcher collects the information through secondary data as the main aim of this research is to compare the FDI inflows in both India and China. As t he time is the biggest constrain, it will be really tough target for the researcher to select the primary data as the researcher either need to do interview /survey with the concern persons by visiting two countries where it cannot be possible with the period of time. So, its better to prefer secondary data for gathering accurate information for the research by referring various resources. Hence, the research can be successfully completed by analyzing the collected information and drawing the conclusion from this data. Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1. Overview This chapter will provide the suitable information and required material for completing research successfully with no issues during the research process. At the same time the literature review gives a basic idea about the research problem solving background with additional material from their related background history. The growth of multinational enterprise (MNE) activity in foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown at a faster rate than most other international transactions as well as the trade flows between countries. The research literature review covers the objects related to foreign direct investment, detailed introduction and description of FDI and impacts of FDI. International Monetary Fund (IMF) has defined the FDI as an international investment of one company with the target of enduring relationship i.e. Investments made by company must exceed the equity of Target Company by 10%. The major requirements of the investors will help in faster growth of their organization which is explained by Nicolas, B. (2010) in terms of Control investments, supply of funds for foreign operations, a balance of payments flow and Capital transfers. 2.2. Brief History and background of Foreign Direct Investment In the present world, there exist various investment techniques for the corporations for increasing their growth. If these industries lacks in making right decisions in their investment then it may lead to reduce their growth and their level in the global market. So, many of the countries prefer Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) compare to other techniques because most of the corporations get affected financially due to their investment decisions. Mostly FDI is preferred as it is considered as an integral part of an open and effective international economic system and also referred as the major catalyst to development (OECD, 2002). In the present market, USA stood a number one position in FDI flows. According to Nicolas Breitfeld (2010, p.1), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is defined by the IMF as an international investment of one company with the intention of lasting relationship. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays an important role in the financial sector. Generally most of the countries believe that increasing the international linkages through FDI is an important feature of financial globalization and elevates the major challenges for statistics and policymakers in industrial and developing countries (Neil, K. P., 2004). Further of this section, it clearly discusses the views of authors on FDI, the importance of FDI and mainly focuses on the issues that are being faced by the countries while introducing the FDI. Even-though authors define Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in different ways based on their research it is mainly mend to development on countrys and globalization. Some of the authors views on FDI are discussed below: According to Organization for Economic Co-Operation and development (OECD) (2008, p.62), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a business located in one country (the direct investor) invests in a business located in another country (the direct investment enterprise) with the objective of creating a strategic and a lasting relationship. Here, the author suggests that occurrence of FDI exists only when the business persons invests their money in another country. They invest their income in another country by making some rules and regulations in their relationship. But according to Alexander, L. and IMFD, (2002), foreign direct investment defined as the integration of three components which are illustrated below: The branch profits need to be distributed and divided in equity without any holding withholding taxes. Accrued interest need to be paid to the direct investor by the direct investment enterprise, this can also be referred as income on debt. Earnings are reinvested in proportion with the direct investment stake. In this context, author says that the investment and the interest benefited by the business people need to be redistributed in an equal proportion among the investor and the direct investment enterprise. At the same time, Neil, K. P. (2004, p.3), discusses that according to BPM5 (Balance of Payments Manual) FDI defined as a category of international investment that reflects the objective of a resident in one economy (the direct investor) obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another economy (the direct investment enterprise). ÂÂ  Here, the author discuss that FDI indirectly affects the economy of another country as the other country invest their income on another country for gaining interest on their investment. Even though the opinions and views of the authors differs in defining the FDI but all the authors focus on only one point that is the benefit dragged by the investor and the direct investment enterprise. These investors of get benefited globally with FDI on the interest on their investment and also increases their international linkages with the industries established in another country. ÂÂ   2.3. Impacts of FDI Foreign Direct Investment is considered as a driver of economic growth and development for developing countries which often lack the technology or capital to promote sustained economic growth and development. Mostly, FDI is considered as one of the major drivers of globalization as it continuously raises with the high growth rates before the financial crisis hit the world economy. The way through which FDI promotes economic growth and development to the countries is contentious because there is no definitive evidence and lags in supporting the literature. Even though there is no empirical evidence in representing the impact of FDI on the countries there are some theoretical explanations from which one can easily analyse the impacts of FDI on developed and developing countries. According to Bora, B. (2002, p.168), FDI flows were increasing rapidly much more quickly than international trade flows, which in turn were increasing faster than world GDP. Laura Alfaro (2003) says that FDI of fers great advantages to host countries because many of the academics and policy makers argue that there exists a most important positive effect on the development of host countries. FDI not only acts as the source of the valuable technology but also helps the countries in developing the linkages with the local firms that indirectly helps the country in raising the economy. Due to these reasons, most of the developing and industrialized countries offer incentive for encouraging the FDI in their economies. The environmental impacts of foreign direct investment may be positive, negative or neutral based on the institutional and industrial context. Gorg and Greenwood (2002) comes under a conclusion that the effect due to FDI is negative by reviewing the information from the foreign-owned to domestically owned firms. But Lipsey (2002) supports the positive benefits in preferring FDI. FDI flows attained a new record level right from the year 1990 to 2000. Then, from the year 2001 the gro wth in the investment failed and the later years it saw a steady and steep decline in global FDI flows. , Figure: Shows trends in global FDI flows during the year 1991 to 2003 (FDI, 2007, p.7). FDI affects the economic growth of the country in various aspects like it raises the formation of human capital, provides a facility to transfer the technology between the host countries and also stimulates the domestic investment. The relationship between the impact of FDI and economic growth can be easily analyzed with the help of production function and also with the other variables that affect economic growth such as domestic, trade, labour and capital (Falki, N. 2009). Production function was done based on the endogenous growth. According to Kumar, N. (1998, p.112), Direct investment was thought of mainly as a flow of capital, possibly replacing local capital or possibly representing marginal additions to the host countrys capital stock, followed by the necessity of financing dividends and interest, and possibly repatriation of capital. Some of the authors studied on the impact of FDI on economic growth in developing countries where those opinions are illustrated below: Authors views on Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries S.No. Authors name Researched during the year Does FDI promote Economic Growth in developing countries (Yes/No/May be) Explanation 1. Balasubramanyam 1996, 1999 May be Requires open or neutral trade regime 2. Borensztein 1998 May be Depends on education level of workforce 3. De Mello 1999 May be Depends on degree of complementarily and substitution between FDI and domestic investment 4. Graham and Wada 2001 Yes Raised per capita GDP in Chinese provinces with FDI concentration 5. Graham 1995 May be TNCs market power can generate negative impacts 6. Loungani and Razin 2001 May be Risks 7. Lim 2001 May be Depends on tax incentives, regulatory and legal impediments, macroeconomic instability 8. Marino 2000 May be Requires open trade and investment policies 9. Mallampallyand Sauvant 1999 May be Requires human resource development, information and other infrastructure 10. Markusen and Venables 1999 Yes Raises productivity and exports of domestic firms, generates spillovers 11. Rodrik 1999 No Reverse causality: TNCs locate, rather than drive growth, in more productive and faster growing countries Table: Shows the authors explanation on Does FDI Promote Economic Growth in developing Countriesthis is a question? (LyubaZarsky, 2005, p.25) From the above table, it can be understood that out of 11 authors, only 2 authors support that FDI promotes economic growth in the developing countries as they explain that it raises the productivity, exports of domestic firms and stated a practical example that it raised the percapita GDP of china government with the help of FDI. Rodrik, opposed the views of the other authors on supporting the FDI as based on their research. From Rodrik research, it has been stated that it doesnt shown impact rather it was derived as a reverse causality. Apart from these three authors, the remaining 8 authors were in a dynamo whether to support the FDI or not because all these authors states that the impact on FDI on economic growth depends only on the circumstances that the author considers but not on any other aspects. For example: FDI shows more impact on economic growth only when the government fulfil some basic needs such as require open trade, investment policies, human resource development, i nformation, other infrastructure, etc. If these requirements are fulfilled by the government then automatically it get benefited with the FDI but if it fails in reaching those needs then it may face some risks due to the policies and the agreement between the countries. Hence, it can be stated that impacts of FDI directly depends on the situations and circumstances that are being considered by the government. By tightening of international financial conditions will have as awful effect on inflows of FDI. In the recent years, this has been main source of assets for many countries (U. N. Staff. 2009).FDI shows more effect on the economic growth of the countries as it provides various benefits to the countries that acquire FDI are illustrated below (Khan Arshad, 2007): Introduces the latest techniques and technologies of marketing and management with the help of FDI, the developing countries can know more about the latest techniques and the technologies that are being used by the developed countries. By acquiring and implementing these latest technologies in the developing countries, to some extent it can increase its growth in terms of economy. Exploitation and utilization of local raw materials usage of raw materials in the countries will be increased by exporting these excess materials to other countries and get benefited with them by importing other raw materials from other country which are shortage in their countries. Can be easily access to the new technologies as there will be a rapid flow between the countries, each of the country can know more easily about the other country and their religion. Based on this analysis, it can assess and access the technologies in their own region by making contract with the other countries. Financial flows between the countries Foreign inflows between the countries are used for financing current account deficits. The finance flows between the countries are transferred in the form of FDI where it doesnt generate interests and repayment of principal but internally raises the human capital stock through job training. Chapter 3: Empirical Literature on FDI based on INDIA and CHINA 3.1. Effects of FDI on all other countries when compared with India and china The existence of a strong negative relationship between trade share and country size was supported by the literature on trade and development. Country size and trade ratio are inversely proportional in size (larger the size of the country smaller is the trade ratio), the foreign trade, investment, and technology transfer between countries will directly affect the degree of sincerity and competitive pressures emanating from abroad (Pieter, B. 2007). Thus, the impact of these competitive pressures would be much less in a large country such as China and India than that among other East Asian NICs. In recent years china had recognized its need towards foreign trade, investment and technology with the aim of modernization, nothing like the Third World developing countries (India) that impoverished foreign capital. 1984-85 1994-95 1999-2000 2004-05 2006 2007 World 2.2 4.8 18.3 9.0 12.9 14.8 Developed economies 2.1 3.9 19.1 7.7 12.80 15.6 Developing economies 2.8 8.1 15.8 11.9 12.5 12.6 Developing Asia 2.3 7.9 12.1 9.9 11.0 10.6 East Asia 1.9 9.0 14.8 9.3 8.7 8.6 China 1.8 15.9 10.4 7.7 6.4 5.9 South Asia 0.2 1.7 2.4 3.3 6.2 5.7 India 0.1 1.7 2.7 3.1 6.6 5.8 Table 2: shows FDI inflow as percentage of gross domestic fixed capital formation (GDFCF), 1944 -2007. (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The average annual level of FDI inflow for developing Asia had raced sharply from US$ 19 billion during 1984 1985 to US$ 500 billion till 2007, at the same time share to developing countries have raised from 15.1 to 17.4 percent which is shown in the above table. The gross domestic fixed capital (GDFCF) as a share of FDI inflow is higher for all the developing countries in the period 1984 1996 and reversal due to the Asian financial crisis during 1997 98. FDI inflow for developing Asia with the average FDI/GDFCF ratio during entire period 1984 2007 is approximately 9 percent and 7.1 per cent when compared with all the developing countries at the same time the global average is 7.4 per cent. China is the recipient country of inward flow and the largest developing country from past two decades where it has been investigated a theoretical increase in inflow with in developing Asia. Among all the countries china was in the second position for total FDI flow as per the ASEAN countries , with increased average annual level of US$ 3 billion during 2000-2007, and from the year 1980 to 1997 almost before six years china was in the second half with US$ 30 billion which was the onset effect of financial crises from 1997-98, due to decline and with determination from about US$ 35 billion per annum before the year 1997 to an annual average of about US$ 24 billion between 1997-79. Establishment of export-oriented industries is heavily concentrated by chinas FDI, there observation on the share of FIEs for total exports in transition economies of china is two percent of expended persistently before 1980 and approximately 60 percent by the year 2006. India process to increases FDI participation in export- oriented activities which had remained at a outlier region of FDI whose one/third FDI during the independence in 1947 was a major amount of stock as a primary sector with plantation, mining and oil at the same time one/forth was the manufacturing and all the remaining stock s are in services, mostly trade, construction, transportation and utilities. The inflow started increasing in manufacturing from 1960s although with a divestment from this sector of FDI, since, low-wages, low skilled manpower are the Indias huge supply it can attract garments and other simple assembly activities which would indirectly favor the heavy foreign investment industry thus primarily focusing towards domestic market. From mid 1990s a slight increase in software is observed as well as significant competition with the world market at industrial production was not notable (Park, J. H. 2002).some of the difficulties which are to be faced and over come for fast development of the country . India faced many difficulties to attract foreign investors in both products and services market now it is only success to service industry of IT mainly. In order to overcome these difficulties to stimulate domestic demand this is given in three steps: The interest rates should be competitive in RBI. Value added tax (VAT) are to be implemented. Reduce the budget deficit through government. Figure: shows the financial states of India and china GDP the total chinas financial assets is approximately 220 per cent of GDP at the same time Indias financial assets is 160 per cent, countries savings and investment is the great strength for chinas financial system and Indias financial system is outside occur in savings and investments (Sources: Slide share 2008, slide No:18). 3.2. Fundamental policies of FDI India followed market-distorting policies on both foreign and private investments thus with this estimation about barriers for imports and exports are analyzed. Thus it become necessary to control the production and distribution as well as administered price controls etc. The impacts of opening up policies are likely to open up with foreign trade, investment and technology transfer, which would be much less in large countries of china and India when compared with all other East Asian NICs. Chinas opening policies in recent years is the success story with the favorable impact is not only for small economies but also for all large continental economies. China and India may not suffer from a large country constriction for adopting the export-oriented, outward-looking development strategy considerably (Park, J. H. 2002). The reformist policy is to fill the domestic savings gap which is necessary for economic development with foreign capital inflows, along with other goals in advanced for eign technology and managerial skills, and to promote exports to increase the foreign exchange earnings of the country. Due to open-door policy Chinas trade and inflow of foreign direct investment and loans are impressive, thus within a very short time china became a major exporting country, and an export competitor with the East Asian NICs (Newly Industrializing Countries) and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries in the Asia Pacific region. The opening policies in china have contributed to the countrys economic growth and development considering all domestic economic events. The Indias economic reforms undertaken in 1991 in light of Chinas experience with the export-oriented, foreign direct investment strategy for economic growth and development which has been examined with superiority of export-oriented, outward-looking development strategies. Thus China can provide important lessons and policy implications in economic development for all Third World developing countries like India. The success story of china open to worlds economy made it ideal for studying the relationship between trade and development as well as for testing the validity of export-promoting development strategy. 3.3. Historical Background and National Goals 3.3.1. History of FDI in India The generational explanation of history is given as follows after Indias independence: during 1947 to 48 there was the British owned the private foreign capital through the national policies resolution which is Swadeshi movement Industrial policy. In the next generation i.e. from 1949 to 1953 foreign investments where far away from trio of domestic business house with foreign capital as well as with the government nationalist sentiments. The second Economic plan was launched in 1957 as industrialization through import substitution and encouraging private investment. Some of the selected industries got foreign collaboration and JV mostly manufacturing companies which are retained participation in India FDI since 1960s, the devaluation of rupee encouraged the socialist idealism banks and foreign oil majors nationalized after late 1960s. After almost 8 years in 1968 the foreign investment board had encouraging investments on there own terms and conduction. In the year 1973as per the F oreign Exchange Act (FERA) which launched a new article that all firms should come together for their foreign equity, holding 40% of foreign equity to be considered as Indian companies due to which IBM as well as coca cola is exited. After seven years of strict vigilance on FDI, from the year 1980 licensing procedures were liberalized to softened, technology transfer and royalty payments relaxed, foreign investment was encouraged wherever possible. During 1900-s rupee value got down, withdrawal of NRI money, India turned to IMF; there was liberalization on trade regime and regulatory frame work. Many of the industries were invited by FDI and in some cases limit was increased from 51% to 100%. The service sector was again opened for FDI. The political instability after 1995 had started but a perception towards FDI had changed due to changes in government kept focus on FDI. 3.3.2. History of FDI in China China has joined the joint venture with other countries in the year1979, and by the year 1986 china became fully foreign owned enterprise. It was divided into four zones namely Shantou, Shenzhen, and Xiamen in the year 1980. After four years in 1984 it was found that chinas economic zone has fourteen cities and whole china combined by late 1900s. There was a rapid economic growth in reform period due to profusion of labour and its low costs, Rapid expansion of Chinas domestic market at the same time plays important role of overseas Chinese for increasing integration with world economy. The marketing effects are generally obtained by imports and exports in both bilateral countries. FDI is very essential for developing countries for Off setting the capital deficiency, Acquiring advanced technology, Gaining production know-how, Promoting exports as well as to Table 2: shows FDI in India-China products Trade (in million US Dollars). (Source: Prema, C. A. 2009, p.379) The two highest population countries of the world are India and China which together contain approximately 40 per cent of the worlds humidity on an adjacent landmass in Asia. Both countries are pride in birthplace of civilization entering the era of sharing worlds greatest development problem. The underdeveloped areas of these two countries is due to huge population relative to land and other resources, around 1950s there was no commitment to national planning for economic modernization as there was new governments of China and India, led by Mao Zedong and Jawaharlal Nehru so as to eliminate poverty and raise the standard of living (Park, J. H. 2002). Approaches to Development: Some of the important characteristics shared within India and China as the wealth of people relative to other rare resources such as arable land, natural resources, and capital suggesting the appropriate strategies for development would have involved production of labor-intensive goods. Among these some are exchanged for imports of capital goods and technology as per the necessity for development. For economic