Haier Company Essay Example

Haier Company Paper The conflict may occur in teams when JVC tries to integrate the staff from partners. There are many reasons for it. Some of the more important ones relate to limited resources, communication problems, differences in interests and goals, different perceptions and attitudes, and lack of clarity about responsibilities (Sanchez, et al. , 2000). A case about Haier Company will help to illustrate it. Haier, Chinese appliance maker, has the first Chinese major manufacturing plant in the U. S. It is slowly but clearly importing its corporate philosophy and culture to its Camden, South Carolina, plant. The upper management and the technical group is Chinese and the operating employees are American. The American employees at plant are majority at the plant. The Hair Chinese group is using the 6-S concept, which is an adaptation of Japanese quality control concept (Konopaske and Ivancevich, 2004). The U. S. employees prefer to stick photos on the wall. This comes into conflict with one S of the 6-S concept, seisoh (keep the workplace clean). Haier pays more attention to quality, this behaviour is not permit. With communication, they all agree that the photos can be showed out when not at work. Another conflict in the team is about the punishment. The punishment is let the employee with the worst performance stand on the big footprint to criticize himself loudly. In Americans view, it infringes their rights. In this condition, Haier changes the punishment to encouragement. They let the best employee stand on the big footprint and speak out they are the best. The conflicts in the case are caused by different cultural habits, and attitudes. The case presents how Haier solve the conflict and blended its corporate style to one of its oversees plants. We can see from the case, communication is quite important in the team. With communication, we can understand each other better, and find out the reason of conflict. In this way, we can build a better inter-personal relationship, and enhance trust, too. And building trust between the partners through encouraging personal relationships between the staff, who have to work together for the JVC to succeed: senior managers, functional managers, engineers, and technical staff is to establishing the right one (Yoshino and Rangan, 1995), the one coherent team. We will write a custom essay sample on Haier Company specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Haier Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Haier Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although JVC has independent equity, it cant live without the parent company. The intervention of parent company to JVC is the control. Generally, there are two forms of control: direct control and indirect control (Johnson, J. L. , et al 2001). Direct parent control is similar to dominant management. The parents attempt to influence activities or decisions in a way consistent with its own interests and expectations. Indirect control is based on the IJVs need for consultation with the parent firm, similar to shared management (Johnson, J. L. , et al 2001). The control bases on the parents equity position. The fifty-fifty ownership is a common form. These JVCs are usually shared management. When one partner holds a majority shares, the JVC seems to apply dominant management or split management. Bleeke and Ernst (2002) indicate the fifty-fifty equity JVCs are not as successful as the split ownership JVCs in which one partner has majority shares. 50-50 ownership can build trust through the mutual success, but it indeed has many problems. The case about control in the Dowty-Sema JV (Faulkner 1995) shows the problem clearly. Dowty-Sema was a JV set up by the two eponymous companies with 50:50 equity in 1982 to provide command and control systems for the British navy. Dowty provided the hardware and Sema provided the software. The venture company was largely a shop window for tendering, in that the 100-odd staff were all assigned to the payrolls of one parent or the other, dependent on their function. Software engineers were assigned to Sema and hardware engineers to Dowty. Control was exercised in the following way. A project was divided up between the two companies and 90 percent of it was carried out in the parent companies, leaving only 10 percent, principally project management, for the venture company to do. Dowty controlled contract negotiation and administration and Sema controlled finance. Each parent appointed its own project teams, and an element of competition and tension developed between them. The board membership was 50% from each partner. Difficult decisions led to very lengthy meetings by a committee of the board. The venture grew to i 50 million sales but unclear control meant that deadlines were missed and the venture made no profit. From the case, we can see the inefficient management of 50-50 equity JVC. But it doesnt means 50-50 equity JVC always perform worse than other form management. It depends on the relationship with partners and good communication between JVC and parents companies. And no matter what kind of control of parents companies, the constant presence of a parent interferes with the development of organisational cohesiveness within theJVC. The activity of organisational learning is the way for the company to gain knowledge for its partner. These activities affect the prospect of JVC. The communication with parent companies to transfer technology from them to JVC is one of the key success factors. The collaborative attitude allows for JVC learning by both partners and is likely to be more productive over the long run. There are three levels of organisational learning: technical, systemic, and strategic (Child, J. , et al. 2005). Collaboration with partner organisations offers a potential to learn at all three levels. It can provide access to techniques, facilitate the transfer of new systems, and enhance a firms ability to undertake new strategic initiatives (Child, J. , et al. 2005). The case about GM-Suzuki joint venture can be used to explain the learning and skills transfer to JVC. CAMI Automotive, Inc. , was set up to manufacture low-end cars for the U. S. market. The plant, run by Suzuki management, produces the Geo Metro/Suzuki Swift, the smallest, highest gas-mileage GM car sold in North America, as well as the Geo Tracker/Suzuki Sidekick spot utility vehicle. Through CAMI, Suzuki has obtained access to GMs dealer network and an expanded market for parts and components. GM avoided the cost of developing low-end cars and gained models it needed to help revitalize the lower end of the Chevrolet product line and to improve GMs average fuel economy rating. And once the CAMI factory reaches full capacity, GM took it as a test bed for to learn Japanese management of work teams, flexible assembly lines, and quality control (Bleeke and Ernst, 2002). The case indicates if the partners both bring specific strengths, both will benefit. JVC maintain relations with parent company to improve their performance. In the CAMI case, JVC run smoothly and reach the full capacity. From the parent organisations view, JVC is a great place to learn from partners. When we discuss learning and skills transfer, the intellectual property rights (IPR) is an important issue in an ongoing JVC. Legal protections go only so far. In addition to IPR protection of their own, the new technology and intelligence in JVC should be identified the ownership. Three structural tactics can protect IPR successfully (Bleeke and Ernst, 2002). First is to separate sensitive technologies from JVC. For instance, GE modularized the production of high value-added engine-core components to protect its know-how from Snecma. Second, some companies centralise contact points between the JVC and the parents. It is easier in highly centralised companies like Japanese businesses, than in more decentralised firms, like Western ones. Third, they combine complementary strengths and can not succee without the other. Toshiba and Motorola would not keep their strategic position if either terminated the alliance, because the two companies have such a high level of interdependence in the form of shared factories, distribution, and complementary specialised skills (Bleeke and Ernst, 2002). JVC success is often an ambiguous notion (Dussauge and Garrette, 1999): should attention focus on the success of the JVC itself-i. e. , its survival, duration, growth, and profits-or should it focus on the positive or negative consequences of the alliance for each of the parent companies? It is a dilemma, parent-local management conflict. Johnson, J. L. , et al. (2001) indicates there exits the logic that parental control of the IJV keeps IJV management loyal to the parent and focused on the parents needs. In such cases, although partner-partner conflict may result, control should reduce any. On the other hand, the characteristics of JVC can create an independence. JVC is not only separate legal entity, it is also a new established organisation, staffed by entrepreneurial managers, and quickly develops an entrepreneurial culture. In such cases, a prevailing climate of we versus them may lead to increased parent-local management conflict when parents intervene in IJV operations. There is a case about a JVC. The aim of foreign partner is to develop its business in the targeted country and the goal of the local partner is to derive adequate profits from its investment. The profitability of the JVC is strongly affected by decisions made by the parent companies. When the strategic direction of parent companies has changed, it affects the performance of JVC significantly. A typical example of this is when a multinational parent decides to limit the exports of the JVC to a neighboring country because that local market can be more profitably supplied via a wholly owned subsidiary confronted with excess capacity. The consequence of such a decision is decreased sales and profits for the JVC (Dussauge and Garrette, 1999). But in another way, they may offer opportunities for JVC to propose new activities which will contribute to its long-term development. We can see the importance to maintain relations with the parent companies from the case obviously. The performances and strategy direction of parent companies even determine the JVC survive or not.

The eNotes Blog Our Calendar of Literary Facts is NowLive!

Our Calendar of Literary Facts is NowLive! At weve been working on a special addition, not only to our own  website but to thousands of pages across the web. Presenting our Calendar of Literary Facts, now available to be published on your own site or blog with the code that weve created! See how it works on below, then read on to find out how you can bring this engaging calendar to your homepage. Calendar of Literary Facts collates a huge array of important dates in literary history. 365 days of the year, brings you interesting literary events (births, deaths, publications) that took place on that day, right on your dashboard. Alternatively, you can search our calendar  to see what took place on a particular day. Beside these facts, the calendar also directs you to relevant pages to discover more about the people and events mentioned on that day of literary history. This makes it not only fun for those with literary interests, but a great teaching tool as well. Which is precisely why weve created the coding to share this platform with the world. How to add the calendar to your web page: Head to our API page at  www./help/api  to find the code necessary to bring the Calendar of Literary Facts to your site. At weve made our  calendar  available through a public API. This means that schools and other organizations (along with individual developers) can retrieve significant literary events for a particular day and month, along with links to related content for deeper exploration. Literature teachers with their own websites should consider this  addition, as it keeps visiting students engaged while also directing them on to instructive material. To insert the code you will require an API key. For more on information on API keys, what they are and how to use them, you may want to visit stackoverflow.com, a site that has a large database of questions and answers on the topic. Or  feel free to email us at dev@! Wed be happy to help you bring the calendar to your site. We hope you have fun with the new addition! Check it out at  www./lit-fact-calendar.

Human Resource Development-- Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resource Development-- - Assignment Example As Coates (2010) explains, acquiring new knowledge, attitudes and skill sets in one environment and applying them in another may be affected by several factors. Effective and the experience of the trainer is a very essential factor in influencing the training transfer to job places. Any trainer must be a fluent and effective communicator (Coates, 2010). This facilitates the conversations and ensures the learners’ needs are met, a clear and effective presentation of the material that makes the information interesting. Another factor is the in-class and out-class practice. More of this practice ensures the learner gains enough experience of handling cases, and it is easier to transfer the training to workplaces in case a similar case appears as to that tackled during the practices (Coates, 2010). An organization should also mount some quality pressure on the trained employees to work as of their acquired knowledge and towards the set goal of the organization. This will ensure th at the employees apply their learnt skills at their workplaces effectively. Needs assessment are usually conducted so as to facilitate the growth of employees of a company in terms of the knowledge and skills they possess. This helps the organization to know the type of employees in the organization, how to train them and what they need to be motivated. According to Barbazette (2004), a needs assessment is conducted to link a deficiency in performance to a desired result and ensure that appropriate training is formulated and conducted to combat the problems caused by the deficiency. To do this, an organization needs to analyze their needs and wants by conducting a performance analysis to identify which skill shortcomings can be bridged through training. To conduct a training needs assessment, an organization will have to first gather information for aiding in appropriate

An interpretive study of the failure of SMEs in the kingdom of the Essay

An interpretive study of the failure of SMEs in the kingdom of the Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Findings indicate that that main problems impacting growth and success of SMEs in the KSA are regulatory difficulties, credit and funding options, human capital, marketing and operational factors. Human capital (resource management), regulatory constraints and credit/funding options appear to be the main factors impacting SME success and growth in the KSA. Data released by the Riyadh Chamber of Commerce and Industry reveals that approximately 96% of Saudi businesses employ below 100 workers (Hertog, 2010). According to the Jeddah Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 95% of commercially registered businesses in the KSA are owned by SMEs and 71% of industrial businesses are SMEs (Hertog, 2010). Moreover, Hertog (2010) reports that SMEs account for 28% of the KSA’s overall economic activities. 7 The latest figures release demonstrate that as of 2008, there were over 700,000 SMEs actively in business in the SDI primarily owned by a sole proprietor. A further breakdown demonstrated that 47% of the KSA’s SMEs were attached to commercial and hotel industries; 27% were attached to construction; 12% were engaged in social services; and 8% were involved in â€Å"sundry other sectors† (Hertog, 2010, p. 17). Be that as it may, SMEs in the KSA only contribute to about 10% of the employment rate in the KSA and only contribute 14% of the entire production in industries and 8% â€Å"of the value of industrial goods exported† (Hertog, 2010, p.19). 7 Despite the growing interests in SMEs in the KSA, all indications are that SMEs have faced significant challenges in moving forward successfully and economically. SMEs in the KSA are said to have difficulties in terms of funding and credit; the function in a business climat that is decidedly â€Å"unfriendly†; they face regulatory challenges; and they operate â€Å"without the availability of basic statistics and data needed to ensure sound business decisions† (Bundagji, 2005, p. 1). It is

Business Strategy and Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy and Decision Making - Essay Example The practice of an effective strategic management approach helps to conserve continuous refurbishment and expansion of the organisations to proactively deal with a number of potential challenges. Moreover, it also provides adequate support to the leaders to enhance their potentials in decision making process and improve organisations’ credibility within a competitive business market (Hill & Jones, 2011). Emphasising the emerging trend of strategic management processes, the study intends to focus on critically discussing different competitive strategic approaches that enable the organisations to maintain long-term sustainability. In this regard, the discussion of this study represents widely accepted strategic approaches of the modern organisations along with their roles and significance towards helping the leaders to improve their decision making processes. Moreover, the discussion would also incorporate real-world examples of major organisations from different business industry perspectives. In relation to the unconventional trends currently witnessed in the business environment, it has been observed that modern organisations commonly seek to develop advanced strategies and focus on the effective adoption of rational and integrated business steps with the intention to remain sustainable in their respective field of operations for a long-term period. With regard to the changing scenario along with fierce competitive trend currently witnessed in today’s global business environment, the notion of intended and emergent business strategies has evolved as a commonly debated issue (Mintzberg & Waters, 1985). According to the modern phenomenon of the global business environment, there are a number of strategic management approaches that are highly practiced by the organisations to gain competitive advantage over their rivals. In

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite Ferrofluid

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite Ferrofluid Abstract A Fe3O4 water-based ferrofluid was prepared by chemical co-precipitation technique, the magnetic particles were characterized using x-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer)VSM)techniques.the results show that the shape of the nanoparticles is approximately spherical and they are superparamagnetic at room temperature. 1. Introduction Ferrofluids are stable colloidal suspensions that consist of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in base liquid such as water or oil [1]. A ferrofluid is a colloidal dispersion of monodomain magnetic particles (size of about 10 nm) of superparamagnetic nature. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are small synthetic Fe 3 O 4 or ÃŽ ³-Fe 2 O 3 particles with a core size of o10 nm and an organic or inorganic coating. The particles are well dispersed in a liquid, for medical application normally in water. Superparamagnetic magnetization is, compared to normal paramagnetic materials, much higher and can reach nearly the magnetization saturation (M s ) of ferromagnetic iron oxide. This behavior allows the tracking of such particles in a magnetic field gradient without loosing the advantage of a stable colloidal suspension.[S2] Ferrofluids are stable suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles and include Fe 3 O 4 , CoFe 2 O 4 , Mn–Zn , Co–Zn and lithium ferrite in a base liquid. The liquid can be polar or nonpolar . To avoid nanoparticles agglomeration, the magnetic particles have to be coated with an appropriate surfactant .This coating makes the ferrofluid stable even under intense magneticfields . ferrofluids are widely used in industry and clinical applications .[w2] Magnetic fluids (ferrofluids) with a combined fluidic and magnetic properties have wide applications inindustry and biomedicine. Magnetic Nanoparticles ,such as magnetite(Fe 3 O 4 ),iron(Fe),nickel(Ni),andcobalt(Co),can be applied in magnetic fluid preparing.Among these magnetic NPs Fe 3 O 4 has been extensively adopted in magnetic fluids for its tunable magnetic properties.so far many synthetic strategies are proposed to prepare magnetic fluids of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles.Hereinto ,co-precipitation method in oil or water with the presence surfactants is traditional route to prepare magnetic fluids.[A1] Magnetic nanofluids, also called ferrofluids, are stable colloidal solutions consisting of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in a based fluid. The magnetic nanofluid behaves as a smart or functional fluid due to some of its unique features. They have some applications in a variety of fields such as electronic packing, mechanical engineering, aerospace, and bioengineering. [i1] Water-based magnetic nanofluids are a special category of polar magnetic nanofluids with particular features of particle interactions and agglomerate formation processes. The interest in water-based magnetic nanofluids in the selected bioengineering and biomedical systems has been growing exponentially in the last decades .Surface coating of nanoparticles and colloidal stability of biocompatible water-based magnetic nanofluids are particularly important for biomedical applications such as magnetic cell separation, drug delivery, hyperthermia, and contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging. They have been extensively applied to audio voice coil-damping, intertia-damping apparatuses,bearings, stepping motors, and vacuum seals.[i1] Ferrofluids, which are magnetic colloids, can be synthesized by dispersing nanosized subdomain magnetic particles of ∠¼10 nm in diameter in a carrier liquid. Such fluids have physical properties that can be modified by an external magnetic field and are widely used as functional materials in engineering and technology applications.[j1] In general, magnetic nanoparticles in ferrofluids are coated with a surfactant to prevent aggregation.In the 1980s, Massart proposed a method for chemical synthesis of aqueous ferrofluids with no surfactant .In this method, an appropriate surface treatment leads to adsorption of H+ or OH−ions on the surface of the particles, so stable aqueous ferrofluids can be obtained. These ferrofluids are known as ionic ferrofluids or electrical double-layered magnetic fluids .Ionic ferrofluids have attracted considerable attention because of their special behavior and this has led to new cross-disciplinary activities inchemistry, biomedicine and physics.[j1] Ferrofluids of Fe3 O4 and ÃŽ ³-Fe2 O3 have attracted considerable attention for various biomedical applications including therapeutic magnetic hyperthermia,targeted drug delivery,and magnetic resonance imaging due to their bio-compatibility and desirable superparamagnetic properties with high saturation magnetization.[M1] Transition metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) and maghemite (ÃŽ ³ -Fe 2 O 3 ) are of general interest, due to their interesting magnetic, electrical, mechanical, catalytical and optical properties.[Q1] Iron oxide nanoparticles can also be dispersed in specific carrier liquids, giving rise to the so called ferrofluids (FFs0. In particular, FFs are colloidal suspensions of magnetic NPs (usually magnetite or maghemite) with average size in the range from 8 to 20 nm and dispersed in organic/inorganic solvents or different oils(hydrocarbons, syntetics esters, etc). They combine the fluid related properties of the dispersing liquid with the magnetic properties of the solid NPs.[Q1] FFs have proved to be useful for a wide variety of engineering applications such as: (i) ironless loudspeakers (ii) specific components for magnetic recording ,(iii) biomagnetics (e.g. hyperthermia ,tissue repairing ,target drug delivery ,cell separation ,magnetic resonance imaging, sensing )(iv) rotating seals and so on. Most of the applications of FFs are related to both their overall thermo/hydrodynamic properties and the magnetic properties of the constituent NPs.[Q1] Fe3O4 nanoparticles are most frequently chosen because of following reasons:(i) Fe3O4 is biocompatible,(ii) Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be synthesized at large scale,(iii)the magnetization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles is significantly high,thus allowing these particles to be easily controlled by an external magnetic field.[R1] Colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in an organic or inorganic carrier liquid,so-called ferrofluids ,are being increasingly studied because of their peculiar physical properties and applications .Because of their small size (5–20 nm) the particles exhibit single magnetic domains and the magnetic fluid displays superparamagnetic behavior .Without external magnetic field the orientation of the magnetic moments of the particles is at random resulting in a vanishing macroscopic magnetization. An external field, however, easily orients the particle magnetic moment leading to large saturation values of the magnetization. Ferrofluids are classified into two groups ,ionic (IFF) and surfacted (SFF) ferrofluids, depending on the method used to avoid the aggregation of magnetic particles.[T1] Ferrofluids are actually superparamagnetic, meaning that a ferrofluid reacts to a magnetic field in the same way as a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic solid, but magnetizes and demagnetizes more rapidly because in a ferrofluid the magnetic domains are the same size as the actual particles.[v1] Ferrofluids are colloidal dispersions of small single domain magnetic particles suspended in a carrier fluid.Ferrofluids characteristically have both magnetic and fluid properties and have found a diverse range of applications,such as in audio devices, inertia dampers, stepper motors,sensors, vacuum seals, electromagnetic shielding, and high density digital storage.[W1] Namely, besides the customary superparamagnetism a strong reduction of the magnetization of nanoparticles with respect to bulk value is observed. By both implicit and explicit tests, this reduction was proven to be due to a noncollinear spin structure.[s1] Ferrofluids containing magnetic nanoparticles with single domains and superparamagnetic at room Temperature and well-dispersed in a carrier fluid are both of fundamental and applied interest in biomedicine,mechanical and sensor technologies,and room temperature magnetic refrigerators.[y1] (In this research),(in the present work),(in this study) the magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipation method.the XRD,TEM and TEM techniques were used to characterize the structure and the size of the nanoparticles.the magnetic properties were evaluated by vibrating sample magnetometer.the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were dispersed into water to obtain the desired nanofluids.tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide was used as dispersant. 2. Experimental Details: or 2. Synthesis and characterization 2.1 Materials The starting materials used in this work were ferric chloride hexahydrate(Fe Cl3.6 H2O),ferrous chloride tetrahydrate(Fe Cl2.4H2O) aqueous ammonia and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide(N(CH3)4OH). 2.2 Synthesis procedure An acqeous ferrofluid material was prepared by a co-precipitation method . The synthesis is based on the reaction of iron ions in an aqueous ammonia solution to form magnetite Fe3O4 in the following form: 2Fe3++Fe2++8NH3.H2O=Fe3O4+8NH4+ +4H2O To synthesis Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Fe Cl3.6 H2O (1M) and Fe Cl2.4H2O (2M) were prepared by dissolving iron salts in HCl (2M) solution.typically , 4ml of Fe Cl3 and 1ml of Fe Cl2 were mixed in a molar ratio of 2:1.then 50ml of ammonia aqueous solution was added into the solution with vigorous stirring at room temperature.a black precipitate was obtained.the precipitate was separated by applying a magnet and washing with distilled water several times until the PH decrease to7. tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide was used as dispersant.the nanoparticles are coated with hydroxyl ions of the tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide ,which themselves attract a sheath of strong positive ions.this surface structure creates electrostatic interparticle repulsion that can overcome coagulation forces of magnetic and van der waals attractions. 2.3 Characterization X-ray powder diffraction(XRD)patterns were obtained by an X-ray diffractometer using KÃŽ ± radiation(ÃŽ »=1.54060Ã…) (  ´Ã‚ ®Ã‚ µÃ‚ ª  ´Ã‚ ªÃ‚ ± „ ²  ³Ã‚ ªÃ… ¸) The shape,size distribution and morphology of the particles were examined by using transmission electron microscope(TEM).( )(The nanoparticles are characterized in detail by TEM). TEM experiment was performed on a Philips CM30 electron microscope with an acceleration voltage of 150 kV. Magnetization versus applied field were carried out withVSM (Lake shore 7404). 3. Result and Discussion Fig. 1 shows the X-rays powder diffraction pattern of iron oxide nanoparicles in the ferrofluid sample.the spectral lines are broad because the grain are small.()relatively wide peaks are related to small size of nanoparticles. all the observed peaks can be indexed to the Fe3O4 crystal structure .the peaks are characteristic of cubic system with Fd-3m space group.()the considered profile can be suitably fitted by considering the crystalline structure of either magnetite(cubic structure,Fd-3m group,ICSD reference code 98-011-1284)or maghemite(cubic structure P4132 group,ICSD reference code 00-39-1346).beacuse of overlapping reflections in the XRD pattern,it was not possible to obtain a good fit by taking simultaneously into account both phases. using the Debye-scherer equation,the crystallite size was determined to be around 10 nm. Fig .1. XRD spectra of the particle Fig .2. TEM image of Fe3O4 nanoparticles TEM image(Fig. 2)show that the particles are roughly spherical and polydispersed))(approximately spherical in shape).The particle sizes, by considering about 115 particle, range from 8to30nm. the average size of the particles observed in the TEM image is in the range of 13nm, which is good agreement with that estimated by Debye-Scherrer formula from the XRD pattern.( )This is larger than the crystallite size determined by XRD,perhaps due to the presence of an amorphous surface layer. (the difference between XRD and TEM may come from the surface coating layer). fig .3. Magentic hysteresis of Fe3O4 Fig. 3 displays the magnetic hysteresis curve of the ferrofluid evaluated by VSM at room temperature,which is obtained from the magnetization cycle.we can see that the saturation magnetization(Ms)of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles was about 35 emu/g which is lower than that of the bulk Fe3O4 (92 emu/g).the Ms value decrease with decrease in crystallite size for mono-domain particles due to the surface spin canting (disorder) and thermal fluctuations.[i1]. ( Komada et al. have attributed the reduction of magnetization in magnetic oxide nanoparticles to the existence of canted spins and /or a spin-glass-like behavior of the surface spins.[M1]). The saturation magnetion might decrease on Fe3O4 →Î ³ Fe2O3 transformation because the magnetization of ÃŽ ³ Fe2O3 is slightly less than that of Fe3O4 in bulk materials.[j1] It is well known that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles show a superparamagnetic property. When a magnetic field was applied, the dipolar particles aligned themselves with the applied magnetic field, and resulted in a measurable magnetization. The saturation magnetization of theferrofluid was about 35 emu/g in the ferrofluid, which was lower than the saturation magnetization of pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles (50 emu/g), due to the fact that the saturation magnetization reduced significantly when the particle size was smaller than 10 nm. Also, the saturation magnetization of Fe2O3 nanoparticles was lower than that of Fe3O4 nanoparticles .So the saturation magnetization of nanoparticles in the ferrofluid, which consisted of a small amount of Fe2O3 nanoparticles, was lower than that of pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles.[w1] Furthermore, zero remenance and nearly zero coercivity can be observed for the nanoparticles on the hysteresis curve, which indicates that the particles are superparamagnetism.this is related to the fine crystallite size of Fe3O4 particles,which are in the nanometer range. 4. Conclusion In this study, superparamagnetic magnetite ferrofluid were successfully synthesized. The XRD,TEM and VSM techniques were used to characterized the structure size and magnetic properties of nanoparticles. It was concluded that the spherical nanoparticles synthesized in this work were superparamagnetic

Compare and Contrast Utilitarianism with Christian Ethics

Compare and Contrast Utilitarianism with Christian Ethics The ethical teachings and values of utilitarianism and Christian ethics are similar in some aspects, yet however are diverse in others. Utilitarianism is a generally teleological ethical system, where the outcome is said to justify the act. The act is considered ‘good’ if it brings about the greatest good for the greatest number. Christian Ethics, however, can be quite different. Many aspects of its ethics are deontological, for example, the Decalogue and Natural Law. There are other differences and indeed some similarities which will be considered throughout this essay. Christian ethics has many aspects which do not agree with the fundamental doctrine of Utilitarianism. Firstly, the 10 Commandments in the Old Testament are deontological, as it is law based and the action is considered good or bad intrinsically. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, states that an action cannot be right or wrong in itself, and it can only be evaluated when the consequences are taken into account. The Bible implies that none of these laws should be broken, yet Bentham thought that any rules can be rejected should the person determine that the means can justify the ends. Bentham held that no one should take actions as right or wrong as a given, but should use empirical evidence to work out their effect and subsequently conclude on its appropriateness. Bentham’s empirical method of finding out whether the action is worthwhile was to use the Hedonic Calculus, a process of assessment which gauges the act’s outcome in several categories, such as its certainty, purity or extent. Natural Law is another example of the diversity between Utilitarian and Christian ethical attitudes. Although it teaches that humans should use reason to realise morality (which is similar to Bentham’s attitude), it fundamentally states that there are God given laws of the universe which eternally and constantly exist in nature. It is a Christian principle to live one’s life in such a way they strive to be like Jesus, and are motivated to follow Christian principles and rules in order to do this. This however fundamentally goes against Utilitarianism, which states that humans are merely motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. This is how an action is considered good or bad in the Hedonic Calculus, if it brings pleasure for the most people or works to avoid pain. Furthermore, Christian ethics implies that one will find happiness by modelling themselves on Jesus and adhering to the teachings of the Bible. However, in Utilitarianism it is stated that one will find the most happiness when individuals are free to pursue their own ends. The process of using the Hedonic Calculus aspect of Utilitarianism can also be likened to the Christian ethical principle of using one’s Conscience. For this point, it is important to note that this is not in reference to the specific detail in the Hedonic Calculus, but is about the underlying reason for its use. In the New Testament, Paul advocated that the Conscience should be used when one needs moral guidance, which is linked to the will of God. Even though in Utilitarianism the ‘God’ aspect is not included in terms of justifying an action, the principle of mentally judging a deed is similar. John Stuart Mill developed his own approach to Utilitarianism called ‘Rule Utilitarianism’. There are some similarities with Christian ethics which lie in his doctrine. Firstly, Mill says that there should be general rules which people should follow in order to bring about the greatest communal good. This has two similarities with Christian ethics; first of all is the principle of law-making and secondly, the concept of the ‘greatest communal good’ can be traced back to the teachings of Paul in the New Testament, where he says that ‘a good should not be god for the individual, but for everyone’. Mill’s proposed laws would be those based on general Utilitarian principles. Mill likened this principle to the Golden Rule of Jesus, which is the teaching that Christians consider to be of the highest importance. The rule states to ‘do unto others as you would have them do to you’. Although this is essentially deontological, it is based on the principle of generating the most agape. Mill, like Jesus, held that general laws should be in place to help lead a good life. Situation ethics has also been pointed out as having similar principles o Utilitarianism. Firstly, both theories are examples of relativism, meaning that there are no absolute standard which apply to the rightness and wrongness of actions. Secondly Joseph Fletcher, the founder, argued that the Christian ethic of love can be labelled as ‘justice distributed’. ‘Justice’ is in reference to determining what the most loving thing is to do for everyone. This can be likened to Util itarianism, which replaces the word ‘justice’ with ‘goodness’, meaning goodness distributed (greatest good for greatest number).